Table 1.
Proteins involved in quadruplex binding and resolving.
| Localization/Function | Gene | Protein | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Telomere Region | BRCA1 | [41] | |
| hnRNP A1 | [42] | ||
| hnRNP D | [43] | ||
| POT1 | [44,45,46,47] | ||
| RPA | [47,48] | ||
| TEBPs | [49,50] | ||
| TLS/FUS | [51] | ||
| Topo I | [52] | ||
| TRF2 | [53] | ||
| UP1 | [54] | ||
| Promoter Regions | BCL-2 | PARP1 | [55] |
| c-MYC | CNBP | [56] | |
| c-MYC | nucleolin | [57] | |
| c-MYC | nucleophosmin | [58] | |
| Insulin | IGF-2, insulin | [59] | |
| KRAS | hnRNP A1 | [60] | |
| KRAS | MAZ | [61,62] | |
| KRAS | PARP1 | [55,62] | |
| MYB | PARP1 | [55] | |
| KIT | PARP1 | [55] | |
| VEGF | PARP1 | [55] | |
| Mutant p53 protein | [63] | ||
| MutSα | [64] | ||
| Topo I | [52] | ||
| RNA Quadruplexes | FMR2 | [65,66] | |
| hnRNP A1 mutant | [67] | ||
| hnRNP A2 | [67,68] | ||
| nucleolin | [69] | ||
| RHAU | [70] | ||
| Ribosomal proteins | Reviewed in [69] | ||
| SRSF 1 and 9 | [69] | ||
| TLS | [51] | ||
| TRF2 | [53] | ||
| Quadruplex-Resolving Helicases | BLM | [71,72] | |
| Dna2 | [73] | ||
| FANCJ | [74] | ||
| G4R1/RHAU | [75,76] | ||
| Sgs1 | [77] | ||
| WRN | [78,79] |
BRCA1, breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein; hnRNP, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; POT1, protection of telomeres 1; RPA, replication protein A; TEBP, Telomere End Binding Protein; TLS/FUS, translocated in liposarcoma/fused in sarcoma; Topo I, Topoisomerase I; TRF2, telomere repeat binding factor 2; UP1, unwinding protein 1; PARP-1, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1; CNBP, cellular nucleic-acid-binding protein; IGF-2, Insulin-like growth factor 2; MAZ, myc-associated zinc-finger; FMR2, fragile X mental retardation 2; RHAU, the RNA helicase associated with AU-rich element; SRSF, serin/arginine-rich splicing factor; BLM, Bloom syndrome protein; Dna2, DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2; G4R1, G4 Resolvase 1; FANCJ, Fanconi anemia complementation group J; Sgs1, small growth suppressor 1; WRN, Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase.