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. 2014 Oct 9;15(10):18084–18101. doi: 10.3390/ijms151018084

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Steps to form the autophagosome. (1) Atg8 binds to PE through two ubiquitin-like pathways; (2) Atg8-PE binds to the phagophore; (3) The phagophore elongates to form the autophagosome. Atg9 recycles back to its original pool.