Table 1.
Association between atrial fibrillation and CSA in studies with at least 100 patients with heart failure.
| First Author | Year | Patients, n | LVEF, % | CSA, % | CSA & AF, % | SA & AF, % | p Univariate | p Multivariate | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sin [1] | 1999 | 450 | 23 ± 16 | 33 | 23 | 8 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 4.13 (1.53–11.14) |
| Staniforth [2] | 2005 | 101 | 33 | 41 | 19 | 8 | n.s. | – | – |
| Mehra [3] | 2006 | 566 | n.a. | 40 * | 5 | 1 | 0.003 | <0.05 | 4.02 (1.03–15.74) |
| Oldenburg [6] | 2007 | 700 | 28 ± 7 | 40 | 35 | 14 | <0.05 | – | – |
| Schulz [7] | 2007 | 203 | 28 ± 1 | 28 | 44 | 22 | <0.05 | – | – |
| Christ [9] | 2007 | 102 | 28 ± 10 | 37 | 26 | 14 | n.s. | – | – |
| Oldenburg [11] | 2008 | 105 | ≤40 | 58 | 23 | 30 | n.s. | – | – |
| Bitter [12] | 2009 | 244 | >55 | 30 | 24 | 17 | <0.05 | – | – |
| Paulnio [13] | 2009 | 316 | 30 ± 11 | 25 | 29 | 12 | <0.05 | – | – |
| Jilek [15] | 2011 | 296 | ≤50 | 64 * | 13 | 20 | n.s. | – | – |
| Mehra [24] | 2009 | 2911 | n.a. ** | n.a. | 15 | 3 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 2.69 (1.61–4.47) |
| Bitter [16] | 2011 | 255 | <40 | 27 | 12 | 12 | n.s. | – | – |
| Kreuz [18] | 2013 | 133 | ≤35 | 62 * | 30 | 27 | n.s. | – | – |
| Grimm [17] | 2014 | 267 | 34 ± 10 | 25 | 39 | 22 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 5.21 (1.67–16.27) |
* Including patients with obstructive sleep apnea; ** Outcome of Sleep Disorders in Older Men (MrOS Sleep) Study [24] with 6% prevalence for self-reported heart failure; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; CSA = central sleep apnea; AF = atrial fibrillation; SA = sleep apnea; OR = odds ration; CI = confidence interval; n.s. = not significant; n.a. = not available; n = number of patients.