Table 1.
Element number and materials properties in the FE model.
| Components | Number of elements | Behaviour | Density (kg/m3) |
Poisson's ratio | Young's modulus, E (GPa) Viscoelastic response (Prony series approximation) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brainstem | 6104 | Viscoelastic | 1060 | 0.4996 | G(t) = 0.0045 + (0.0225 − 0.0045)e −t/80 | Horgan and Gilchrist [37] |
|
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| Cerebral peduncle | 1762 | Viscoelastic | 1060 | 0.4996 | G(t) = 0.0045 + (0.0225 − 0.0045)e −t/80 | Horgan and Gilchrist [37] |
|
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| Cerebellum | 21727 | Viscoelastic | 1140 | 0.48 | G(t) = 0.168 + (0.528 − 0.168)e −t/35 | Turquier et al. [47], Willinger et al. [48], Shuck and Advani [49], and Yoganandan et al. [50] |
|
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| CSF | — | Fluid | 1000 | — | — | Zhou et al. [31] and Yan and Pangestu [32] |
|
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| Gray matter | 436917 | Viscoelastic | 1040 | 0.4996 | G(t) = 0.0064 + (0.034 − 0.0064)e −t/700 | Zhang et al. [12] and Al-Bsharat et al. [51] |
|
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| Lateral cartilage | 2874 | Elastic | 1500 | 0.45 | E = 0.030 | Westreich et al. [36] |
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| Septum cartilage | 3578 | Elastic | 1500 | 0.32 | E = 0.009 | Grellmann et al. [52] |
|
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| Skull bone and cervical vertebra | 130482 | Elastic | 1210 | 0.22 | E = 8.000 | Zhang et al. [12] |
|
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| Neck and facial soft tissues | 253894 | Elastic | 1040 | 0.46 | E = 0.01667 | Zhang et al. [12] and Kleiven [53] |
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| Ventricles | 36776 | Viscoelastic | 1080 | 0.49 | G(t) = 0.00101 + (0.101 − 0.00101)e −t/100 | Zhang et al. [12] |
|
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| White matter | 278925 | Viscoelastic | 1040 | 0.4996 | G(t) = 0.0078 + (0.041 − 0.0078)e −t/700 | Al-Bsharat et al. [51] |