Table 2.
Alterations in CSF neuropeptide levels in PD patients compared with controls.
| Neuropeptide | References | PD patients/ Controls | Cerebrospinal fluid levels |
|---|---|---|---|
| Substantia P (SP) | Pezzoli et al., 1984 | 12/10 | Increased 5-fold |
| Cramer et al., 1989 | 15/9 | Normal | |
| Cramer et al., 1991 | 23/9 | Decreased by 30% (controls were essential tremor patients) | |
| Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) | Lotstra et al., 1985 | 20/68 | Decreased by 50% |
| Met-enkephalin (MET-ENK) | Pezzoli et al., 1984 | 12/10 | Increased 3-fold in PD patients with slight or moderate disability (n = 6) |
| Yaksh et al., 1990 | 8/9 | Decreased by 37% | |
| Baronti et al., 1991 | 16/19 | Decreased by 31.7% | |
| Leu-enkephalin (LEU-ENK) | Liu, 1989 | 22/19 | Increased by 122% in untreated PD patients without further modification by levodopa therapy |
| Dynorphin A(1-8) | Baronti et al., 1991 | 16/19 | Normal |
| Somatostatin | Jolkkonen et al., 1986 | 35/19 | Decreased by 22% (p < 0.01), especially in demented patients |
| Strittmatter and Cramer, 1992 | 38/12 | Decreased by 27.5% (p < 0.01) | |
| Strittmatter et al., 1996 | 35/11 | Decreased p < 0.05, similar in untreated vs. treatment with levodopa | |
| Cramer et al., 1989 | 15/9 | Decreased by 39% | |
| Dupont et al., 1982 | 39/29 | Decreased by 40% | |
| Christensen et al., 1984 | 48/32 | Decreased by 40% | |
| Cramer et al., 1985 | 50/6 | Decreased by 34%(controls were patients with essential tremor) | |
| Masson et al., 1990 | 35/11 | Decreased (p < 0.02), especially in untreated patients and in those with more severe disease | |
| Jost et al., 1990 | 68/6 | Decreased by 28% | |
| Hartikainen et al., 1992 | 35/34 | Normal | |
| Volicer et al., 1986 | 10/9 | Normal | |
| Beal et al., 1986 | 6/84 | Normal | |
| Poewe et al., 1990 | 22/11 | Normal in PD patients with dementia (n = 11) and without dementia (n = 11) | |
| Espino et al., 1995 | 23/26 | Increased by 47%, especially in demented patients | |
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | Martignoni et al., 1992 | 10/20 | Decreased by 31% |
| Yaksh et al., 1990 | 8/9 | Normal | |
| Beta-endorphin | Nappi et al., 1985 | 24/15 | Decreased (p < 0.005) both in 14 untreated and 10 treated PD patients |
| Jolkkonen et al., 1987 | 36/35 | Normal | |
| Arginine-vasopressine (AVP) | Sundquist et al., 1983 | 11/21 | Decreased by 68% |
| Olsson et al., 1987 | 12/32 OND | Decreased by 71% | |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) | Sharpless et al., 1984 | 19/12 | Normal |
| Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) | Ernst et al., 1987 | 9/20 | Decreased by 28.7% (Ferrero et al., 1988) |
| Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like | Rainero et al., 1988 | 9/12 | Increased by 2-fold |
| Diazepam-binding inhibitor | Ferrero et al., 1988 | 25/82 | Increased by 42.5% (80% in depressed PD patients and normal in non-depressed PD patients |
| Ferrarese et al., 1990 | 28/10 | Decreased by 50% in PDD (n = 14), normal in PDND (n = 14) | |
| Neurokinin A | Galard et al., 1992 | 12/11 | Decreased by 24% |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | Suemaru et al., 1995 | 10/5 | Normal |
| ACTH | Nappi et al., 1985 | 24/15 | Normal |
| Beta-lipotropine | Nappi et al., 1985 | 24/15 | Normal |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (ECA) | Konings et al., 1994 | 88 PDND/18 PDD/20 | Increased in PDND patients under levodopa therapy (p < 0.05). Normal in untreated PDND and in PDD |
| Zubenko et al., 1985 | 10 PDD/30 | Decreased by 27% in demented PD patients | |
| Zubenko et al., 1986 | 15/10 | Decreased by 24% | |
| Chromogranin A and B and secretogranin II | Eder et al., 1998 | 8/29 | Normal |
OND, other neurological diseases; PDD, Parkinson's disease demented; PDND, Parkinson's disease non-demented.