Table 3.
Alterations in the CSF levels of oxidative stress markers and substances related with oxidative stress in PD patients compared with controls.
| References | PD/Controls | Cerebrospinal fluid levels | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid peroxidation markers | Malonyl-dialdehyde (MDA) | Ilić et al., 1998 | 31/16 | Increased (p < 0.001) |
| Ilic et al., 1999 | 33/16 | Increased (p < 0.001) | ||
| Shukla et al., 2006 | 21/20 | Normal | ||
| (E)-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) | Selley, 1998 | 10/10 | Increased 4-fold | |
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation products | Buhmann et al., 2004 | 70/60 OND/31 HC | Increased 3-fold with –SH decreased 1.5-fold | |
| Schiff bases, conjugated dienes, oxidized proteins, and aldehyde polymers | Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Increased 1,5 fold (Isobe et al., 2010b) | |
| DNA oxidation markers | 8'-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) | Kikuchi et al., 2002 | 48/22 | Increased (p < 0.0001) |
| Isobe et al., 2010b | 20/20 | Increased (p < 0.0001) | ||
| 8-hydrosyguanosine (8-OHG) | Kikuchi et al., 2002 | 48/22 | Increased | |
| Abe et al., 2003 | 24/15 | Increased 3-fold (p < 0.001) | ||
| 8-OHdG/8-OHG ratio | Kikuchi et al., 2002 | 48/22 | Increased 2-fold (p < 0.0005) | |
| Transition metals and related proteins | Iron | Campanella et al., 1973 | 13/5 | Normal |
| Pall et al., 1987 | 24/34 | Normal | ||
| Gazzaniga et al., 1992 | 11/22 | Normal | ||
| Takahashi et al., 1994 | 20/25 | Normal | ||
| Pan et al., 1997 | NS/NS | Normal | ||
| Jiménez-Jiménez et al., 1998 | 37/37 | Normal | ||
| Hozumi et al., 2011 | 20/15 | Normal | ||
| Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Qureshi et al., 2006 | 36/21 | Increased | ||
| Ferritin | Campanella et al., 1973 | 13/5 | Normal | |
| Dexter et al., 1990 | 26/11 | Normal | ||
| Pall et al., 1990 | 24/21 | Normal | ||
| Kuiper et al., 1994a | 72 PDND/15 PDD/20 HC | Normal | ||
| Transferrin | Loeffler et al., 1994 | 12/11 | Normal | |
| Copper | Campanella et al., 1973 | 13/5 | Normal | |
| Gazzaniga et al., 1992 | 11/22 | Normal | ||
| Takahashi et al., 1994 | 20/25 | Normal | ||
| Pan et al., 1997 | NS/NS | Increased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Jiménez-Jiménez et al., 1998 | 37/37 | Normal | ||
| Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Normal | ||
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal | ||
| Qureshi et al., 2006 | 36/21 | Normal | ||
| Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Increased 2-fold | ||
| Pall et al., 1987 | 24/34 | Increased (p < 0.001) | ||
| Hozumi et al., 2011 | 20/15 | Increased 2-fold (p < 0.01) | ||
| Boll et al., 1999 | 49/26 (35 PD untreated) | Increased 1,5 fold | ||
| Ceruloplasmin | Campanella et al., 1973 | 13/5 | Normal | |
| Loeffler et al., 1994 | 12/11 | Normal | ||
| Ferroxidase | Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Decreased activity by 20% | |
| Boll et al., 1999 | 49/26 (35 PD untreated) | Decreased activity by 1.5-fold | ||
| Manganese | Gazzaniga et al., 1992 | 11/22 | Normal | |
| Pan et al., 1997 | NS/NS | Normal | ||
| Jiménez-Jiménez et al., 1998 | 37/37 26/13 | Normal Normal | ||
| Forte et al., 2004 | ||||
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal | ||
| Hozumi et al., 2011 | 20/15 | Increased 1.5-fold (p < 0.05) | ||
| Zinc | Takahashi et al., 1994 | 20/25 | Normal | |
| Pan et al., 1997 | NS/NS | Normal | ||
| Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Normal | ||
| Jiménez-Jiménez et al., 1998 | 37/37 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Qureshi et al., 2006 | 36/21 | Decreased | ||
| Hozumi et al., 2011 | 20/15 | Increased 3-fold (p < 0.01) | ||
| Other metals | Selenium | Takahashi et al., 1994 | 20/25 | Normal |
| Qureshi et al., 2006 | 36/21 | Increased | ||
| Aguilar et al., 1998 | 28/43 | Increased only in untreated PD patients (p < 0.01) | ||
| Chromium | Aguilar et al., 1998 | 28/43 | Normal | |
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased by 50% | ||
| Magnesium | Hozumi et al., 2011 | 20/15 | Normal | |
| Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Normal | ||
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal | ||
| Calcium | Pan et al., 1997 | NS/NS | Normal | |
| Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Normal | ||
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal | ||
| Aluminum | Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | |
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal | ||
| Silicon | Forte et al., 2004 | 26/13 | Normal | |
| Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Cobalt | Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | |
| Tin | Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased (p < 0.05) | |
| Lead | Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Decreased by 50% | |
| Various | Alimonti et al., 2007 | 42/20 | Normal levels of barium, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, molibdenum, nickel, antimony, strontium, thallium, vanadium, wolfram, and zirconium | |
| Nitric oxide metabolites/nitroxidative stress | Nitrates | Ikeda et al., 1995 | 11/17 | Normal |
| Molina et al., 1996 | 31/38 | Normal | ||
| Kuiper et al., 1994b | 103/20 | Decreased | ||
| Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Increased 2-fold | ||
| Nitrites | Ikeda et al., 1995 | 11/17 | Normal | |
| Ilic et al., 1999 | 33/? | Normal | ||
| Kuiper et al., 1994b | 103/20 | Normal | ||
| Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Increased 2-fold | ||
| Qureshi et al., 1995 | 16/14 | Increased 2-fold both in untreated (n = 6) and in levodopa-treated (n = 10) PD patients. Controls were young | ||
| Nitrotyrosine-containing proteins | Fernández et al., 2013 | 54/40 | Increased (p < 0.01) | |
| Aoyama et al., 2000 | 10/6 | Increased 1.8-fold | ||
| Antioxidant enzymes or substances | Total superoxide-dismutase (SOD) | Marttila et al., 1988 | 26/26 OND | Normal |
| De Deyn et al., 1998 | 12/58 | Normal | ||
| Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD-1) | Ilić et al., 1998 | 31/16 | Increased (p < 0.05) | |
| Ilic et al., 1999 | 33/16 | Increased (p < 0.05) | ||
| Boll et al., 2008 | 22/41 | Decreased (p = 0.021) | ||
| Mn-SOD (SOD-2) | Aoyama et al., 2000 | 10/6 | Normal | |
| Catalase | Marttila et al., 1988 | 26/26 OND | Normal | |
| Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | Marttila et al., 1988 | 26/26 OND | Normal | |
| Glutathione reductase (GR) | Ilić et al., 1998 | 31/? | Increased | |
| Ilic et al., 1999 | 33/? | Increased | ||
| Reduced glutathione (GSH) | Marttila et al., 1988 | 26/26 OND | Normal | |
| Tohgi et al., 1995b | 22/15 | Increased (p < 0.02) in L-dopa treated patients (n = 8) | ||
| Konings et al., 1999 | 71 PD/13 PDND/21 HC | Normal | ||
| Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) | LeWitt et al., 2013 | 48/57 | Decreased (p < 0.01) | |
| Tohgi et al., 1995b | 22/15 | Decreased (p < 0.001) in untreated patients (n = 14) | ||
| Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) | Buhmann et al., 2004 | 70/60 OND/31 HC | Decreased by 44–48% | |
| Tohgi et al., 1995b | 22/15 | Normal | ||
| Molina et al., 1997b | 34/47 | Normal | ||
| Alpha-tocopherol-quinone | Tohgi et al., 1995b | 22/15 | Decreased (p < 0.001) in untreated patients (n = 15) | |
| Urate | Tohgi et al., 1993e | 11/14 | Normal | |
| Constantinescu et al., 2013 | 6/18 | Normal | ||
| Ascherio et al., 2009 | 713/0 | Relation of higher CSF levels of urate with slower rates of clinical decline | ||
| Xantine (uric acid precursor) | LeWitt et al., 2011 | 217/26 | Normal | |
| Ascorbate | Buhmann et al., 2004 | 70/60 OND/31 HC | Normal | |
| Carnitine | Jiménez-Jiménez et al., 1997 | 29/29 | Normal | |
| Oxidized coenzyme Q10/total Q10 ratio | Isobe et al., 2010b | 20/20 | Increased 18% (p < 0.05) | |
| Isobe et al., 2007 | 20/20 | Increased 18% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Osteopontine | Maetzler et al., 2007 | 30/30 | Increased 2-fold (p < 0.002) |
OND, other neurological controls; HC, healthy controls; PDND, Parkinson's disease non-demented.