Table 2.
Effects of adjunct cognitive-behavioural therapy/motivational interviewing (CBT/MI) on decrease in symptoms of depression in comparison with treatment-as-usual control groups, and subgroup analyses of associations between effect sizes and study characteristics (Hedges's ga)
| CBT/MI versus TAU | Subgroup | n comp | g | 95% CI | I2b | Pc | NNT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies | 15 | 0.27 | 0.13 to 0.41*** | 37.51 | 6.58 | ||
| One effect size per study (lowest excluded) | 13 | 0.27 | 0.14 to 0.41*** | 27.42 | 6.58 | ||
| One effect size per study (highest excluded) | 13 | 0.26 | 0.09 to 0.44** | 46.31 | 6.85 | ||
| Subgroup analyses | |||||||
| Type of control | TAU | 9 | 0.30 | 0.11 to 0.47*** | 39.34 | 0.624 | 5.95 |
| Brief treatment | 6 | 0.22 | −0.03 to 0.47 | 41.48 | 8.06 | ||
| Randomization | Yes | 12 | 0.23 | 0.07 to 0.39** | 38.80 | 0.197 | 7.69 |
| No | 3 | 0.43 | 0.21 to 0.64*** | 0 | 4.20 | ||
| Analyses | ITT | 12 | 0.26 | 0.09 to 0.43** | 48.36 | 0.803 | 6.85 |
| CO | 3 | 0.30 | 0.05 to 0.54* | 0 | 5.95 | ||
| Recruitment | Community | 6 | 0.22 | −0.01 to .47 | 41.48 | 0.624 | 8.06 |
| Clinic | 9 | 0.30 | 0.12 to 0.47*** | 39.34 | 5.95 | ||
| Population | Alcohol | 7 | 0.23 | −0.01 to 0.47* | 46.91 | 0.640 | 7.69 |
| Substance use (incl. alcohol) | 8 | 0.30 | 0.13 to 0.47*** | 33.08 | 5.95 | ||
| Age | (Young) adults ≥16 years | 7 | 0.20 | −0.01 to 0.41 | 31.07 | 0.446 | 8.93 |
| Adult ≥18 years | 8 | 0.31 | 0.12 to 0.56*** | 44.14 | 5.75 | ||
| Diagnosis of both conditions | Yes | 3 | 0.26 | −0.29 to 0.81 | 76.65 | 0.965 | 6.85 |
| No | 12 | 0.27 | 0.14 to 0.41*** | 19.82 | 6.58 | ||
| Focus of treatment | Integrated | 10 | 0.27 | 0.10 to 0.45** | 32.56 | 0.828 | 6.58 |
| Single (depression or alcohol) | 5 | 0.24 | −0.03 to 0.51 | 55.43 | 7.46 | ||
| Patient status | In-patient | 1 | 0.50 | 0.24 to 0.75*** | 0 | 0.082 | 3.62 |
| Out-patient | 14 | 0.23 | 0.09 to 0.38*** | 31.69 | 7.69 | ||
| Individual/group | Individual | 10 | 0.30 | 0.11 to 0.49** | 38.75 | 0.597 | 5.95 |
| Group | 5 | 0.22 | −0.02 to 0.45 | 47.97 | 8.06 | ||
| Digital versus face-to-face | Internet | 2 | 0.73 | 0.30 to 1.16*** | 0 | 0.030 | 2.54 |
| Face-to-face | 13 | 0.23 | 0.09 to 0.36*** | 30 | 7.69 | ||
CI = confidence interval; n comp = number of comparisons; NNT = number needed to treat; CO = completers-only analysis; ITT = intention-to-treat analysis; TAU = treatment as usual.
According to the random-effects model.
The P-values in this column indicate whether the Q-statistic is significant (I2-statistics do not include a test of significance).
The P-values in this column indicate whether the difference between the effect sizes in the subgroups is significant.
*P ≤ 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001.