Table 2.

Characteristics of polymer fabrication techniques

Techniques	Feature range	Remarks	Ref.
3D Printing	1 μm – 1 mm	Arbitrary layer-by-layer patterning	16,17
Interference Lithography	500 nm – 1 μm	Wide area (1 mm2 – 1 cm2) patterning of large library of patterns, can be positioned and tuned by FLaSk	18–36
3D Direct Write	100 nm – 1 μm	Arbitrary interconnected patterning	25,37–60
Spin Coating and Layer-by-Layer	1 nm – 1 μm	Many sequential steps and limited to 1D structures	61–67
Block Copolymer Self-assembly	1 nm – 100 nm	Order can be influenced by structural or field templating	68–97
Fiber Drawing/Printing	100 nm – 100 mm	Restricted to fibers, electrospinning has minimal positioning control while printing has nearly arbitrary positioning	43,79,98–109
Colloidal Processing	10 nm – 10 μm	Wide area (1 mm2 – 1 cm2) patterning of a limited set of 3D structures	110–116