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The upper panel shows predictions of the 2002TV model of the difference in RMS level between a modulated and unmodulated 4000-Hz tone (solid line) or 1000-Hz tone (dashed line) required to give equal long-term loudness. The sinusoidal amplitude modulation had 100% depth, and the modulation rate ranged from 2 to 1000 Hz. The lower panel shows corresponding predictions when the modulation was sinusoidal on a dB scale.
