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pH-dependent distribution of the fraction of open states (Fopen) for buried (a) Lys and (b) Glu residues. Several color-coded hypothetical apparent pKa (pKapp) values are illustrated, shifted by 1−5 pKa units. In the limits of extreme (i.e., 10) or null pKa shift, the expected population of 100% closed or open states is recovered. For this plot, pKopen = 10.4 and 4.4, and pKclosed = 0.4 and 14.4, for Lys and Glu, respectively.
