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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Sep 10;16(12):1247–1256. doi: 10.1111/dom.12379

Table 1.

Distribution of selected baseline characteristics in initiators of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and sulfonylureas (SU) a

DPP-4i
(n = 18,179)		 SU (n =
63,746)		 Effect of channelingb weighted
SUc
N % N % Odds
ratio		 95% CI %
Age Mean (SD) 75.28 (7.00) 75.60 (7.28) 0.997 0.951 1.045 75.53 (7.22)
66 to 75 years old 10428 57.36 35632 55.90 - - - 57.44
76 to 85 years old 5916 32.54 20884 32.76 - - - 32.72
86 years and above 1835 10.09 7230 11.34 - - - 9.84
Male 6566 36.12 25340 39.75 0.892 0.860 0.925 36.06
White 13486 74.18 48907 76.72 0.766 0.728 0.805 74.20
Black 1925 10.59 7694 12.07 0.669 0.624 0.717 10.67
Other 2768 15.23 7145 11.21 Reference 15.13
Comorbiditiesd
Connective tissue disease 6354 34.95 19307 30.29 1.143 1.102 1.186 34.96
Depression 3089 16.99 10262 16.10 1.001 0.955 1.049 17.01
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3516 19.34 12972 20.35 0.941 0.90 0.985 19.4
Chronic kidney disease 3381 18.6 10923 17.14 0.995 0.947 1.046 18.77
Congestive heart failure 4588 25.24 15939 25.00 1.015 0.969 1.064 25.37
Diabetic neuropathy 3751 20.63 9631 15.11 1.212 1.159 1.268 20.72
Diabetic nephropathy 1542 8.48 3961 6.21 1.131 1.056 1.213 8.60
Diabetic retinopathy 2974 16.36 7721 12.11 1.107 1.054 1.163 16.49
Diabetic cataract 51 0.28 111 0.17 1.111 0.788 1.567 0.28
Gastrointestinal disorders 158 0.87 550 0.86 1.031 0.859 1.237 0.86
Alcohol use e 192 1.06 804 1.26 0.975 0.828 1.148 1.06
Tobacco use e 48 0.26 142 0.22 1.135 0.811 1.588 0.27
Pancreatitis 211 1.16 690 1.08 1.072 0.914 1.257 1.18
Medication usef
Insulin 3823 21.03 9232 14.48 1.495 1.428 1.566 21.20
Metformin 9386 51.63 27902 43.77 1.269 1.224 1.314 51.95
Thiazolidinediones 3983 21.91 7567 11.87 1.892 1.811 1.977 22.27
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 6068 33.38 21806 34.21 0.953 0.917 0.990 33.57
Angiotensin receptor blockers 5403 29.72 12393 19.44 1.471 1.412 1.532 29.91
Statins 11908 65.50 35028 54.95 1.251 1.205 1.298 65.64
Loop diuretics 4771 26.24 16443 25.79 0.931 0.891 0.974 26.3
Other diuretics 4625 25.44 16923 26.55 0.906 0.871 0.942 25.54
Beta blockers 8989 49.45 28689 45.01 1.096 1.057 1.135 49.49
Calcium channel blockers 6238 34.31 19790 31.05 1.055 1.017 1.095 34.35
Healthcare utilizationd
Blood tests 1759 9.68 5104 8.01 1.111 1.048 1.178 9.73
Lipid panel 15719 86.47 49572 77.76 1.476 1.405 1.551 86.59
Influenza vaccinations 9997 54.99 31990 50.18 1.121 1.083 1.16 55.04
a

Initiation defined as no dispensed prescriptions for DPP-4i or SU during the 6 months before initiation and filling a second prescription of the same drug/drug class within 6 months after the first prescription

b

Channeling between initiation of DPP-4i versus initiation of SU; odds ratios from multivariable logistic regression model including all covariates presented in the table (i.e., the propensity score model); odds ratios >1.0 indicate more likely to be initiated on DPP-4i than SU

c

Pseudo-population of SU initiators weighted to the distribution of covariates of the DPP-4i initiators using the propensity score to balance covariates (and therefore control for confounding)

d

Measured in the 12 months before drug initiation

e

Tobacco use and alcohol use and abuse defined using ICD-9-CM codes may be underestimated.

f

Measured in the 6 months before drug initiation