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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Sep 10;16(12):1247–1256. doi: 10.1111/dom.12379

Table 2.

Distribution of selected baseline characteristics in initiators of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and thiazolidinediones (TZD) a

DPP-4i
(n = 29,366)
TZD
(n = 26,332)
Effect of channelingb weighted
TZDc
N % N % Odds
ratio
95% CI %
Age Mean (SD) 75.61 (7.10) 74.64 (6.70) 0.945 0.901 0.992 75.62 (7.50)
66 to 75 years old 16407 55.87 16100 61.14 - - - 55.60
76 to 85 years old 9782 33.31 8130 30.87 - - - 33.65
86 years and above 3177 10.82 2102 7.98 - - - 10.74
Male 10590 36.06 10609 40.29 0.884 0.852 0.916 35.94
White 22245 75.75 18628 70.74 1.321 1.259 1.387 75.77
Black 3059 10.42 3140 11.92 1.060 0.99 1.134 10.40
Other 4062 13.83 4564 17.33 (reference) 13.83
Comorbiditiesd
Connective tissue disease 9966 33.94 7763 29.48 1.108 1.067 1.15 34.08
Depression 4709 16.04 3712 14.10 1.003 0.955 1.054 16.15
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5595 19.05 3999 15.19 1.080 1.030 1.133 18.88
Chronic kidney disease 5790 19.72 4031 15.31 1.114 1.058 1.172 19.70
Congestive heart failure 7740 26.36 4373 16.61 1.430 1.361 1.502 26.41
Diabetic neuropathy 6478 22.06 4813 18.28 1.114 1.066 1.164 22.24
Diabetic nephropathy 2660 9.06 1954 7.42 1.040 0.971 1.114 9.12
Diabetic retinopathy 5260 17.91 4432 16.83 1.010 0.965 1.058 17.92
Diabetic cataract 83 0.28 73 0.28 0.988 0.716 1.364 0.28
Gastrointestinal disorders 256 0.87 208 0.79 1.006 0.834 1.215 0.86
Alcohol use e 316 1.08 258 0.98 1.132 0.954 1.342 1.10
Tobacco use e 78 0.27 59 0.22 1.086 0.769 1.534 0.26
Pancreatitis 318 1.08 243 0.92 1.071 0.902 1.273 1.08
Medication usef
Insulin 5409 18.42 4445 16.88 0.977 0.932 1.024 18.51
Metformin 16805 57.23 14282 54.24 1.208 1.165 1.253 57.68
Sulfonylureas 13530 46.07 11352 43.11 1.051 1.015 1.089 46.25
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 10907 37.14 9899 37.59 0.949 0.914 0.986 37.20
Angiotensin receptor blockers 8184 27.87 5982 22.72 1.216 1.166 1.269 28.11
Statins 19331 65.83 15466 58.73 1.206 1.163 1.252 65.85
Loop diuretics 8294 28.24 5025 19.08 1.245 1.189 1.304 28.26
Other diuretics 7831 26.67 6861 26.06 0.99 0.952 1.03 26.48
Beta blockers 15350 52.27 11288 42.87 1.217 1.174 1.261 52.23
Calcium channel blockers 10334 35.19 8440 32.05 1.049 1.011 1.088 35.39
Healthcare utilizationd
Blood tests 2675 9.11 2261 8.59 1.032 0.972 1.096 9.08
Lipid panel 25483 86.78 22105 83.95 1.196 1.138 1.258 87.01
Influenza vaccinations 16325 55.59 13427 50.99 1.112 1.074 1.151 55.79
a

Initiation defined as no dispensed prescriptions for DPP-4i or TZD during the 6 months before initiation and filling a second prescription of the same drug/drug class within 6 months after the first prescription

b

Channeling between initiation of DPP-4i versus initiation of TZD; odds ratios from multivariable logistic regression model including all covariates presented in the table (i.e., the propensity score model); odds ratios >1.0 indicate more likely to be initiated on DPP-4i than TZD

c

Pseudo-population of TZD initiators weighted to the distribution of covariates of the DPP-4i initiators using the propensity score to balance covariates (and therefore control for confounding)

d

Measured in the 12 months before drug initiation

e

Tobacco use and alcohol use and abuse defined using ICD-9-CM codes may be underestimated.

f

Measured in the 6 months before drug initiation