Biofilms were grown for 5 days under flowing conditions in tube reactors prior to induction of dispersion inducing conditions, via exposure to L-glutamate. (A) Multicopy expression dipA in ΔdipA biofilms, and (B) multicopy expression of bdlA in ΔbdlA biofilms restores biofilm dispersion response to glutamate to wild-type levels. (C) Multicopy expression nicD and dipA in ΔbdlA biofilms, nicD in ΔdipA biofilms, or bdlA in ΔnicD biofilms does not restore biofilm dispersion response to glutamate to wild-type levels, as indicated by measurements of effluent absorbance. (D) Expanded view of data shown in Figure 8C. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Error bars indicate standard deviation.