Table 2.
Estimates (direct pairwise and network meta-analysis, random effects models) of effect size (95% confidence intervals/95% credible intervals) expressed as mean difference for the effects of diet + exercise vs. diet, diet + exercise vs. exercise and diet vs. exercise on anthropometric outcomes, blood lipids, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness and between-study heterogeneity variance ( τ 2 / τ )
| Outcomes | No. of studies | Sample size | MD | 95% CI | τ 2 | I 2 | MD | 95% CrI | τ | 95% CrI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
D + E vs. D | ||||||||||
| BW (kg) |
17 |
2,317 |
-1.38 |
[-1.98, -0.79] |
0.00 |
0% |
-1.38 |
[-2.62, -0.17] |
2.06 |
[1.37, 2.96] |
| WC (cm) |
8 |
1,124 |
-1.68 |
[-2.66, -0.70] |
0.00 |
0% |
-1.69 |
[-3.32, -0.20] |
1.36 |
[0.07, 3.43] |
| FM (kg) |
9 |
1,012 |
-1.65 |
[-2.81, -0.49] |
1.95 |
61% |
-1.89 |
[-3.44, -0.43] |
2.08 |
[1.29, 3.24] |
| WHR (U) |
6 |
646 |
-0.01 |
[-0.02, -0.01] |
0.00 |
0% |
-0.01 |
[-0.05, 0.03] |
0.06 |
[0.04, 0.10] |
| TC (mg/dl) |
9 |
1,175 |
-2.19 |
[-7.84, 3.46] |
54.09 |
62% |
-2.51 |
[-7.61, 2.29] |
5.42 |
[0.86, 10.84] |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) |
8 |
1,147 |
-0.93 |
[-6.14, 4.27] |
45.03 |
65% |
-1.54 |
[-6.16, 3.14] |
5.29 |
[1.26, 9.97] |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) |
9 |
1,175 |
1.62 |
[0.28, 2.95] |
2.46 |
51% |
-1.29 |
[-1.38, 3.86] |
4.03 |
[2.38, 6.33] |
| TG (mg/dl) |
9 |
1,175 |
-10.08 |
[-17.38, -2.79] |
0.00 |
0% |
-9.90 |
[-19.98, -0.96] |
7.28 |
[0.37, 19.4] |
| DBP (mmHg) |
7 |
1,099 |
-1.20 |
[-2.26, -0.15] |
0.74 |
28% |
-1.10 |
[-2.34, 0.01] |
0.92 |
[0.04, 2.45] |
| SBP (mmHg) |
7 |
1,099 |
-0.24 |
[-1.45, 0.97] |
0.00 |
0% |
-0.39 |
[-1.89, 1.01] |
0.87 |
[0.04, 2.62] |
| VO2 max (ml/kg/min) |
6 |
810 |
3.61 |
[2.07, 5.14] |
4.19 |
88% |
3.75 |
[2.28, 5.32] |
1.94 |
[1.13, 3.18] |
|
D + E vs. E | ||||||||||
| BW (kg) |
9 |
1,350 |
-4.13 |
[-5.62, -2.64] |
4.36 |
77% |
-4.32 |
[-5.74, -2.90] |
2.06 |
[1.37, 2.96] |
| WC (cm) |
3 |
409 |
-3.00 |
[-5.81, -0.20] |
5.24 |
69% |
-3.45 |
[-5.32, -1.23] |
1.36 |
[0.07, 3.43] |
| FM (kg) |
5 |
690 |
-3.60 |
[-6.15, -1.05] |
8.82 |
92% |
-3.87 |
[-5.61, -2.18] |
2.08 |
[1.29, 3.24] |
| WHR (U) |
4 |
420 |
-0.01 |
[-0.02, -0.00] |
0.00 |
15% |
-0.007 |
[-0.06, 0.04] |
0.06 |
[0.04, 0.10] |
| TC (mg/dl) |
4 |
420 |
-11.36 |
[-15.93, -6.79] |
0.00 |
0% |
-7.50 |
[-13.47, -1.39] |
5.42 |
[0.86, 10.84] |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) |
4 |
420 |
-10.03 |
[-14.28, -5.78] |
2.22 |
8% |
-5.90 |
[-11.39, -0.23] |
5.29 |
[1.26, 9.97] |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) |
4 |
420 |
-0.34 |
[-2.82, 2.14] |
6.80 |
76% |
0.17 |
[-3.14, 3.32] |
4.03 |
[2.38, 6.33] |
| TG (mg/dl) |
4 |
420 |
-11.18 |
[-26.99, 4.62] |
138.3 |
38% |
-13.34 |
[-25.92, -2.12] |
7.28 |
[0.37, 19.4] |
| DBP (mmHg) |
4 |
420 |
-2.06 |
[-3.39, -0.72] |
0.00 |
0% |
-2.22 |
[-3.93, -0.74] |
0.92 |
[0.04, 2.45] |
| SBP (mmHg) |
4 |
420 |
-2.84 |
[-4.54, -1.13] |
0.00 |
0% |
-2.70 |
[-4.57, -0.85] |
0.87 |
[0.04, 2.62] |
| VO2 max (ml/kg/min) |
5 |
645 |
2.13 |
[1.52, 2.74] |
0.05 |
9% |
2.24 |
[0.57, 3.90] |
1.94 |
[1.13, 3.18] |
|
D vs. E | ||||||||||
| BW (kg) |
13 |
1,638 |
-2.93 |
[-4.18, -1.68] |
3.70 |
73% |
-2.93 |
[-4.20, -1.66] |
2.06 |
[1.37, 2.96] |
| WC (cm) |
4 |
539 |
-1.75 |
[-4.12, 0.62] |
4.80 |
71% |
-1.76 |
[-3.48, 0.44] |
1.36 |
[0.07, 3.43] |
| FM (kg) |
9 |
964 |
-2.20 |
[-3.75, -0.66] |
4.66 |
82% |
-1.97 |
[-3.45, -0.45] |
2.08 |
[1.29, 3.24] |
| WHR (U) |
4 |
414 |
-0.00 |
[-0.01, 0.01] |
0.00 |
16% |
0.002 |
[-0.05, 0.05] |
0.06 |
[0.04, 0.10] |
| TC (mg/dl) |
7 |
665 |
-3.91 |
[-8.11, 0.30] |
9.04 |
22% |
-4.98 |
[-10.22, 0.64] |
5.42 |
[0.86, 10.84] |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) |
7 |
665 |
-3.19 |
[-6.85, 0.48] |
6.45 |
21% |
-4.36 |
[-9.25, 0.70] |
5.29 |
[1.26, 9.97] |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) |
7 |
665 |
-0.96 |
[-1.88, -0.04] |
0.00 |
0% |
-1.12 |
[-4.06, -1.76] |
4.03 |
[2.38, 6.33] |
| TG (mg/dl) |
7 |
665 |
-3.80 |
[-12.21, 4.62] |
0.00 |
0% |
-3.44 |
[-13.99, 6.65] |
7.28 |
[0.37, 19.4] |
| DBP (mmHg) |
6 |
573 |
-1.33 |
[-3.00, 0.35] |
11.19 |
37% |
-1.12 |
[-2.67, 0.31] |
0.92 |
[0.04, 2.45] |
| SBP (mmHg) |
6 |
578 |
-2.19 |
[-4.23, -0.15] |
2.07 |
25% |
-2.31 |
[-4.10, 0.51] |
0.87 |
[0.04, 2.62] |
| VO2 max (ml/kg/min) | 6 | 677 | -1.16 | [-2.42, 0.09] | 2.17 | 80% | -1.15 | [-3.16, 0.04] | 1.94 | [1.13, 3.18] |
BW body weight, CI confidence intervals, D diet, DBP diastolic blood pressure, D + E diet and exercise, E exercise, FM fat mass, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triacyglycerols, VO 2 max maximal oxygen uptake, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio.