Table 5.

Results from regression analysis based on Eqs. 14 and 16

Dependent variable per capita expenditures $({\overline{Y}}_g)$
Equation	(14)		(16) Excluding mortalities		(16) Excluding the interaction between time and mortalities		(16) Including the interaction between time and mortalities
Independent variable	Coefficient	Standard er.	Coefficient	Standard er.	Coefficient	Standard er.	Coefficient	Standard er.
Year (t) t = 0 if year = 1998 t = 1 if year = 1999 … t = 11 if year = 2009 $(\mathit{\theta })$	142.1***	(2.024)
t × age $(\mathit{\mu })$
t × age 0			2,700.4***	(14.75)	2,731.0***	(14.39)	2,725.1***	(14.38)
t × age 1–4			76.86***	(7.365)	82.03***	(7.184)	81.43***	(7.181)
t × age 5–9			38.12***	(6.545)	38.74***	(6.384)	38.52***	(6.381)
t × age 10–14			44.18***	(6.598)	45.24***	(6.436)	45.02***	(6.433)
t × age 15–19			58.88***	(6.699)	62.99***	(6.534)	62.24***	(6.531)
t × age 20–24			53.80***	(6.751)	58.96***	(6.584)	57.71***	(6.581)
t × age 25–29			56.33***	(6.454)	58.06***	(6.295)	56.65***	(6.292)
t × age 30–34			97.25***	(6.250)	101.9***	(6.096)	100.4***	(6.093)
t × age 35–39			130.4***	(6.152)	136.8***	(6.001)	135.0***	(5.999)
t × age 40–44			147.7***	(6.202)	155.7***	(6.049)	153.1***	(6.047)
t × age 45–49			164.5***	(6.401)	173.0***	(6.243)	168.9***	(6.242)
t × age 50–54	51.53***	(6.710)	183.3***	(6.454)	195.5***	(6.295)	188.6***	(6.296)
t × age 55–59	115.2***	(7.236)	243.0***	(7.008)	259.7***	(6.836)	249.3***	(6.842)
t × age 60–64	247.9***	(7.741)	371.8***	(7.537)	393.0***	(7.352)	375.7***	(7.372)
t × age 65–69	368.6***	(8.509)	476.6***	(8.336)	509.2***	(8.132)	481.4***	(8.182)
t × age 70–74	552.0***	(9.058)	625.7***	(8.901)	682.4***	(8.685)	636.8***	(8.816)
t × age 75–79	741.8***	(9.417)	790.2***	(9.268)	862.5***	(9.045)	783.7***	(9.421)
t × age 80–84	819.3***	(10.61)	867.9***	(10.49)	948.9***	(10.24)	811.9***	(11.23)
t × age 85–89	866.5***	(13.28)	939.4***	(13.22)	1,021.8***	(12.90)	787.4***	(15.12)
t × age 90+	778.4***	(18.61)	913.5***	(18.64)	976.4***	(18.19)	548.5***	(23.19)
Gender $(q)$	197.4***	(11.55)	−92.59***	(11.58)	222.7***	(11.38)	222.7***	(11.37)
Age $(\mathit{\gamma })$
0	23,927.5***	(57.03)	9,705.0***	(107.8)	8,761.0***	(105.3)	8,783.9***	(105.3)
1–4	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
5–9	−1,554.6***	(33.81)	−1,368.4***	(63.77)	−1,283.1***	(62.20)	−1,285.0***	(62.18)
10–14	−1,847.8***	(33.81)	−1,678.6***	(64.59)	−1,592.9***	(63.00)	−1,594.7***	(62.97)
15–19	−1,093.4***	(34.23)	−962.8***	(65.62)	−960.5***	(64.00)	−959.7***	(63.97)
20–24	−80.42*	(34.49)	96.26	(65.16)	35.33	(63.55)	38.47	(63.52)
25–29	956.1***	(33.83)	1,108.1***	(63.06)	1,063.5***	(61.51)	1,067.2***	(61.48)
30–34	1,368.6***	(33.09)	1,306.3***	(62.16)	1,252.2***	(60.63)	1,256.5***	(60.61)
35–39	1,011.4***	(32.89)	799.1***	(62.62)	706.4***	(61.08)	713.0***	(61.05)
40–44	985.8***	(33.17)	722.4***	(63.06)	569.6***	(61.51)	580.1***	(61.48)
45–49	1,760.5***	(33.55)	1,496.4***	(63.69)	1,240.6***	(62.13)	1,258.7***	(62.10)
50–54	2,807.8***	(50.25)	2,885.2***	(63.74)	2,453.2***	(62.20)	2,486.0***	(62.19)
55–59	4,405.1***	(54.24)	4,731.7***	(66.91)	4,076.6***	(65.34)	4,127.6***	(65.33)
60–64	6,089.4***	(59.61)	6,813.5***	(71.24)	5,831.2***	(69.64)	5,919.5***	(69.68)
65–69	8,264.0***	(62.92)	9,649.5***	(73.68)	8,200.5***	(72.18)	8,347.5***	(72.31)
70–74	10,326.0***	(64.89)	12,811.1***	(74.42)	10,679.8***	(73.21)	10,929.5***	(73.66)
75–79	11,538.5***	(68.44)	15,688.1***	(75.63)	12,646.0***	(74.99)	13,081.9***	(76.37)
80–84	10,803.2***	(79.57)	17,176.7***	(83.18)	13,006.6***	(83.41)	13,767.3***	(87.20)
85–89	8,676.3***	(101.8)	17,490.2***	(101.3)	12,186.2***	(103.3)	13,499.3***	(112.3)
90+	4,508.2***	(141.9)	14,703.5***	(136.1)	9,302.3***	(145.1)	11,712.1***	(166.1)
Mortality rate $(\mathit{\kappa })$	131,415.8***	(871.7)			297,704.7***	(1,759.7)	289,556.8***	(1,780.1)
Mortality rate2	−446,127.2***	(7,069.6)
Mortality rate3	640,520.0***	(16,487.0)
Mortality rate4	−310,920.1***	(10,454.6)
Age × mortality rate $(\mathit{\eta })$					−2,932.4***	(19.91)	−2,966.2***	(19.93)
Mortality rate × t $(\mathit{\lambda })$							2,045.9***	(68.79)
Constant $(\mathit{\alpha })$	2,053.2***	(32.60)	2,881.3***	(50.74)	2,291.4***	(49.57)	2,294.2***	(49.55)
N	995,158		995,158		995,158		995,158
R2	0.605		0.598		0.618		0.618
Adjusted R2	0.605		0.598		0.618		0.618