Table 5.
Changes in outcome variables ─ per-protocol analysis a
|
Outcome variable |
Intervention group (PP) N
b
|
Control group (CTRL) N = 1,338 |
Difference between groups (PP vs. CTRL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | p c | |
|
Change in physical activity level |
(n = 629) |
(n = 1,323) |
0.003 |
| Increased |
30.0 |
23.1 |
|
| No change |
54.8 |
58.5 |
|
| Decreased |
15.1 |
18.4 |
|
|
Change in meal regularity |
|
|
|
| Breakfast |
(n = 482) |
(n = 1,332) |
0.491 |
| More regular |
22.6 |
20.0 |
|
| No change |
58.3 |
60.2 |
|
| More irregular |
19.1 |
19.7 |
|
| Lunch |
(n = 486) |
(n = 1,336) |
0.110 |
| More regular |
29.8 |
25.0 |
|
| No change |
46.1 |
48.5 |
|
| More irregular |
24.1 |
26.5 |
|
| Dinner |
(n = 484) |
(n = 1,334) |
0.024 |
| More regular |
24.6 |
22.6 |
|
| No change |
50.0 |
45.3 |
|
| More irregular |
25.4 |
32.1 |
|
|
Change in the bedtime before school-/work-days |
(n = 266) |
(n = 1,317) |
0.016 |
| Earlier |
35.7 |
27.7 |
|
| No change |
34.6 |
35.2 |
|
| Later |
29.7 |
37.1 |
|
| |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
p
d
|
|
Change in BMI |
(n = 918) |
(n = 1,294) |
|
| All |
0.52 (1.53) |
0.51 (1.75) |
0.996 |
| BMI classes (before the intervention): |
|
|
|
| BMI < 18.5 |
0.71 (1.08) |
0.62 (1.30) |
0.495 |
| BMI 18.5–24.9 |
0.51 (1.48) |
0.49 (1.57) |
0.740 |
| BMI 25.0–29.9 |
0.45 (2.28) |
0.62 (2.55) |
0.929 |
| BMI ≥ 30 | 0.57 (2.94) | 0.23 (3.80) | 0.881 |
aThe participants in the intervention arm who completed the questionnaire both at the baseline and at the end of the intervention period, were not excluded for pregnancy during the intervention period, AND chose to discuss healthy physical activity and/or dietary behaviors and/or sleeping behaviors with the study nurses.
bThe size of the intervention group in the per-protocol analyses varied according to the outcome variable as follows: Regarding change in physical activity level, participants who chose to discuss (at least) their physical activity behaviors (n = 637) were included. A valid answer to the question assessing physical activity was given by n = 629. Regarding change in meal regularity, participants who chose to discuss (at least) their dietary behaviors (n = 486) were included. Regarding change in bedtime, participants who chose to discuss (at least) their sleeping behaviors (n = 269) were included. Regarding change in BMI, participants who chose to discuss either their physical activity or dietary behaviors or sleeping behaviors, or two or three of these (n = 957) were included.
cPearson’s Chi-square test.
dMann–Whitney test.
PP = per-protocol, CTRL = control, IQR = interquartile range.