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(a) Typical θ–2θ scan of GdMnO3/SrTiO3 thin films. The inset shows the epitaxial growth model, where the green squares denote the STO lattice, and the red and blue rectangles denote the twin-like film lattice. The arrows indicate the [100] direction of the film or the substrate. (b) Φ-scan of GdMnO3 (111) and SrTiO3 (111) reflections. (c) Sketch of the device structure. (d) Surface morphology of the film.
