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. 2013 Oct 31;13:1031. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1031

Table 6.

Demographic and socio-economic factors associated with current smoking*

Characteristic
Current smoker
Adjusted odds ratio
P-value
  n/N (row %) (95% CI)**  
Sex
 
 
 
 Male
378/1005 (37.6)
1
 
 Female
42/919 (4.6)
0.10 (0.06-0.19)
<0.001
Age groups
 
 
 
 18-29 years
55/409 (13.5)
1
 
 30-39 years
144/712 (20.2)
1.34 (0.89-2.02)
0.167
 40-49 years
145/502 (28.9)
1.66 (1.04-2.65)
0.035
 50-59 years
58/216 (26.9)
1.42 (0.80-2.51)
0.230
 ≥ 60 years
18/85 (21.2)
2.24 (1.50-3.35)
<0.001
Education
 
 
 
 Primary schooling or less
156/533 (29.3)
1
 
 Some high school
198/852 (23.2)
0.88 (0.59-1.32)
0.537
 Completed high school or higher
61/532 (11.5)
0.57 (0.39-0.84)
0.004
Average monthly earnings in the household
 
 
 
 ZAR#1- ZAR500
143/522 (27.4)
1
 
 ZAR501- ZAR2500
207/991 (20.9)
0.89 (0.60-1.32)
0.575
 >ZAR 2500
64/389 (16.5)
0.67 (0.36-1.27)
0.223 &
Employment status
 
 
 
 Not working
24/190 (12.6)
1
 
 Unemployed
118/665 (17.7)
1.58 (0.89-2.79)
0.115
 Occasional work
80/218 (36.7)
2.82 (1.58-5.02)
<0.001
 Working full-time or part-time
189/825 (22.9)
1.58 (0.76-3.30)
0.220
Assets
 
 
 
 ≤3 assets
116/412 (28.2)
Not retained
 
 4 assets
248/1209 (20.5)
in model
 
 5-6 assets
51/294 (17.4)
 
 
Number of days hunger in past month
 
 
 
 0 days
351/1696 (20.7)
1
 
 1-7 days
54/197 (27.4)
1.18 (0.81-1.71)
0.396
 >7 days
11/25 (44.0)
4.19 (2.42-7.25)
<0.001
Number of rooms
 
 
 
 ≤ 3 rooms
155/582 (26.6)
1
 
 4 rooms
134/604 (22.2)
0.98 (0.78-1.24)
0.856
 5 rooms
50/262 (19.1)
0.75 (0.44-1.28)
0.291
 >5 rooms
77/468 (16.5)
0.65 (0.46-0.92)
0.014
Alcohol problem
 
 
 
 No
207/1526 (13.6)
1
 
 Yes
203/367 (55.3)
5.79 (3.24-10.34)
<0.001
Drug use
 
 
 
 No
347/1804 (19.2)
1
 
 Yes 60/76 (79.0) 10.81 (4.62-25.30) <0.001

*Variables entered in original model: sex, age category, drug use, alcohol problem, education level, hunger, number of rooms, household income, assets, employment category, interaction sex*education, sex*household income, sex*employment category, drug use*alcohol problem, sex*alcohol problem. Pearson Goodness of fit p-value = 0.15;**Robust standard errors; &p-value <0.20 in model before adjustment for clustering, therefore retained in model, #ZAR = South African Rand.