Table 6.
Demographic and socio-economic factors associated with current smoking*
|
Characteristic |
Current smoker |
Adjusted odds ratio |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (row %) | (95% CI)** | ||
|
Sex |
|
|
|
| Male |
378/1005 (37.6) |
1 |
|
| Female |
42/919 (4.6) |
0.10 (0.06-0.19) |
<0.001 |
|
Age groups |
|
|
|
| 18-29 years |
55/409 (13.5) |
1 |
|
| 30-39 years |
144/712 (20.2) |
1.34 (0.89-2.02) |
0.167 |
| 40-49 years |
145/502 (28.9) |
1.66 (1.04-2.65) |
0.035 |
| 50-59 years |
58/216 (26.9) |
1.42 (0.80-2.51) |
0.230 |
| ≥ 60 years |
18/85 (21.2) |
2.24 (1.50-3.35) |
<0.001 |
|
Education |
|
|
|
| Primary schooling or less |
156/533 (29.3) |
1 |
|
| Some high school |
198/852 (23.2) |
0.88 (0.59-1.32) |
0.537 |
| Completed high school or higher |
61/532 (11.5) |
0.57 (0.39-0.84) |
0.004 |
|
Average monthly earnings in the household |
|
|
|
| ZAR#1- ZAR500 |
143/522 (27.4) |
1 |
|
| ZAR501- ZAR2500 |
207/991 (20.9) |
0.89 (0.60-1.32) |
0.575 |
| >ZAR 2500 |
64/389 (16.5) |
0.67 (0.36-1.27) |
0.223 & |
|
Employment status |
|
|
|
| Not working |
24/190 (12.6) |
1 |
|
| Unemployed |
118/665 (17.7) |
1.58 (0.89-2.79) |
0.115 |
| Occasional work |
80/218 (36.7) |
2.82 (1.58-5.02) |
<0.001 |
| Working full-time or part-time |
189/825 (22.9) |
1.58 (0.76-3.30) |
0.220 |
|
Assets |
|
|
|
| ≤3 assets |
116/412 (28.2) |
Not retained |
|
| 4 assets |
248/1209 (20.5) |
in model |
|
| 5-6 assets |
51/294 (17.4) |
|
|
|
Number of days hunger in past month |
|
|
|
| 0 days |
351/1696 (20.7) |
1 |
|
| 1-7 days |
54/197 (27.4) |
1.18 (0.81-1.71) |
0.396 |
| >7 days |
11/25 (44.0) |
4.19 (2.42-7.25) |
<0.001 |
|
Number of rooms |
|
|
|
| ≤ 3 rooms |
155/582 (26.6) |
1 |
|
| 4 rooms |
134/604 (22.2) |
0.98 (0.78-1.24) |
0.856 |
| 5 rooms |
50/262 (19.1) |
0.75 (0.44-1.28) |
0.291 |
| >5 rooms |
77/468 (16.5) |
0.65 (0.46-0.92) |
0.014 |
|
Alcohol problem |
|
|
|
| No |
207/1526 (13.6) |
1 |
|
| Yes |
203/367 (55.3) |
5.79 (3.24-10.34) |
<0.001 |
|
Drug use |
|
|
|
| No |
347/1804 (19.2) |
1 |
|
| Yes | 60/76 (79.0) | 10.81 (4.62-25.30) | <0.001 |
*Variables entered in original model: sex, age category, drug use, alcohol problem, education level, hunger, number of rooms, household income, assets, employment category, interaction sex*education, sex*household income, sex*employment category, drug use*alcohol problem, sex*alcohol problem. Pearson Goodness of fit p-value = 0.15;**Robust standard errors; &p-value <0.20 in model before adjustment for clustering, therefore retained in model, #ZAR = South African Rand.