| Akt1-KO |
Akt1-KO mice show reduced cardiac muscle mass and display defects in physiological growth. Mice develop an exacerbated form of cardiac hypertrophy when subjected to pressure overload. |
25-27 |
| Akt2-KO |
Akt2-deficiency does not affect cardiac mass, but induces insulin resistance, mitochondrial and cardiac contractile dysfunction. Akt2-KO mice are more sensitive to myocardial injury as evidenced by increased myocyte death and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. |
25, 28-32 |
| Akt3-KO |
No obvious cardiac phenotype noted. |
33 |
| Akt1-transgenic |
Cardiomyocyte specific Akt expression increases myocyte size and induces cardiac hypertrophy. But Akt1 transgenic mice are protected from injury caused by transient cardiac ischemia. |
34-39 |
| Akt3-transgenic |
Cardiac-specific over expression of Akt3 induces cardiac hypertrophy, and contractile dysfunction together with increasing susceptibility of the heart to cardiac injury. |
40 |
| Nuclear-Akt1 transgenic |
Transgenic hearts exhibit increased number of smaller cardiomyocytes that relates with cardiomyocyte survival and enhanced contractile function. |
41, 42 |
| SIRT1-KO |
Whole-body SIRT1-deficient mice show reduced heart size and are resistant to develop cardiac hypertrophy. Contrary, cardiomyocyte specific SIRT1-KO mice do not show any cardiac abnormalities at basal conditions; however, they are more susceptible to ischemic injury. Partial deficiency of SIRT1 attenuated pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. |
43-45 |
| SIRT2-KO |
No basal cardiac abnormalities are noted, but SIRT2-KO mice are protected from ischemic injury due to attenuated programmed apoptosis in the heart. |
46 |
| SIRT3-KO |
SIRT3-KO mice show no basal cardiac abnormalities at birth, but develop hypertrophy, fibrosis and contractile dysfunction with age. SIRT3 deficient mice are highly susceptible to cardiac hypertrophic stimuli. |
47-49 |
| SIRT6-KO |
Massive concentric cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure were observed in the whole-body and cardiac-specific SIRT6 deficient mice. |
50 |
| SIRT7-KO |
SIRT7-deficiency induces spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy in mice. |
51 |
| SIRT1-transgenic |
Low to moderate over expression of SIRT1 attenuates age-dependent decline in cardiac functions in mice. However, high level of SIRT1 expression induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. |
43, 44, 52 |
| SIRT3-transgenic |
Cardiac specific over expression of SIRT3 protects the heart from hypertrophic stimuli by preserving mitochondrial function. |
48 |
| SIRT6-transgenic |
Cardiac specific over expression of SIRT6 protects the heart from hypertrophic stimuli by blocking activation of Akt signaling at the level of chromatin. |
50 |
