Figure 1.

The cost of displacement and replacement between 1995 and 2010. This figure compares the effect of the actual scale-up of DAHG between 1995 and 2010 and a counterfactual. In the counterfactual scenario, recipient countries do not displace (or replace) any resources upon the receipt of DAHG. Cost is defined as the difference between GHE^{NoDisplacement} (modeled assuming displacement = replacement = 0) and GHE^Actual (modeled assuming displacement and replacement rates estimated in model (2)). The cost is positive and significant, showing that had recipient countries not displaced resources, more total government health resources would have been available. The 90% CI is generated taking the 1,000 random draws from the estimated variance–covariance matrix