Figure 1. Distribution of Culicoides imicola and study area: training, verification and validation zones for modelling (with respectively 187, 131, 561 occurrences at 10′ granularity) with Köppen-Geiger climate simplified classification [33].

Cross-hatched areas are zones of inhospitable habitat (Adriatic Sea, Sahara Desert and Red Sea) separating the 3 model-fitting zones.