Table I. Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics by sexual motivations.
| Variables | All (N=200) | Love/affection (N=89) | Money (N=73) | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | mean (SD) | 24.6 (5.3) | 24.8 (4.5) | 24.1 (4.9) | .348 |
| Highest education level | n (%)a | ||||
| Completed primary school or less | 70 (35.0) | 28 (31.5) | 31 (42.5) | .051 | |
| Some secondary school | 53 (26.5) | 20 (22.5) | 22 (30.1) | ||
| Completed secondary school or higher | 77 (38.5) | 41 (46.1) | 20 (27.4) | ||
| Religious beliefs | n (%) | ||||
| Islam | 136 (68.7) | 57 (64.8) | 54 (75.0) | .295 | |
| Roman Catholic | 42 (21.2) | 19 (21.6) | 14 (19.4) | ||
| Other | 20 (10.1) | 12 (13.6) | 4 (5.6) | ||
| Total household income in past month (thousand Tanzanian shillings), (N=100)b | mean (SD) | 194.6 (226.6) | 202.8 (275.9) | 188.1 (167.5) | .789 |
| Percent of total household income contributed by participants in past month, (N=76) | mean (SD) | 44.3 (24.4) | 43.0 (21.6) | 44.8 (25.3) | .762 |
| Earned money by selling sex in past month | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 60 (30.0) | 15 (16.9) | 36 (50.0) | <.001 | |
| Ever had a meaningful sexual relationship with a woman | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 133 (66.5) | 53 (59.6) | 55 (75.3) | .034 | |
| Ever married or lived with a female partner | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 34 (21.5) | 16 (25.0) | 13 (20.3) | .526 | |
| Sex attracted to | n (%) | ||||
| Only men | 114 (57.6) | 63 (71.6) | 33 (45.8) | .004 | |
| Mostly men | 36 (18.2) | 9 (10.2) | 16 (22.2) | ||
| Mostly women or only women | 48 (24.2) | 16 (18.2) | 23 (31.9) | ||
| Self-perceived sexual identities | n (%) | ||||
| Gay/homosexual | 126 (66.3) | 67 (77.9) | 39 (55.7) | .003 | |
| Bisexual | 64 (33.7) | 19 (22.1) | 31 (44.3) | ||
| Sexual activity in past 5 years | n (%) | ||||
| Only men | 100 (50.5) | 53 (60.2) | 29 (39.7) | .014 | |
| Mostly men | 61 (30.8) | 25 (28.4) | 25 (34.2) | ||
| Men & women equally, or mostly women | 37 (18.7) | 10 (11.4) | 19 (26.0) | ||
| Number of male & female partners lifetime | median (interquartile) | 16 (9–32) | 13.5 (8– 31) | 20 (11–45) | .036 |
| Number of male & female partners in past 6 months | median (interquartile) | 5 (3–10) | 3 (2–6) | 7 (4–12) | <.001 |
| Number of female partners lifetime | median (interquartile) | 4 (1–10) | 3.5 (1.5–8) | 5 (1–10) | .433 |
| Number of gay men known in past 15 years | median (interquartile) | 10 (5–20) | 10 (5–20) | 10 (5–30) | .622 |
| Number of male partners lifetime | median (interquartile) | 8 (4–20) | 7 (3–20) | 9 (4–20) | .234 |
| Ever had a male partner who was African but not Tanzanian in life time | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 60 (30.3) | 20 (23.0) | 24 (32.9) | .163 | |
| Ever had a male partner who was a non-African foreigner in life time | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 58 (29.6) | 18 (20.9) | 25 (34.7) | .052 | |
| Sexual positioning with the past 3 partners | n (%) | ||||
| No anal sex | 49 (24.5) | 35 (39.3) | 6 (8.2) | <.001 | |
| Insertive only | 65 (32.5) | 21 (23.6) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| Receptive only | 66 (33.0) | 28 (31.5) | 26 (35.6) | ||
| Both insertive and receptive | 20 (10.0) | 5 (5.6) | 12 (16.4) | ||
| Had insertive anal sex with a non-paying male partner in past month | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 95 (47.5) | 40 (44.9) | 34 (46.6) | .928 | |
| Had receptive anal sex with a non-paying male partner in past month | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 90 (45.0) | 43 (48.3) | 30 (41.1) | .654 | |
| Frequencies of condom use in anal sex with non-paying partner in past month (among who had anal sex with non-paying partners) | n (%) | ||||
| Never | 53 (33.8) | 30 (42.3) | 15 (28.3) | .206 | |
| Sometimes | 46 (29.3) | 18 (25.4) | 18 (34.0) | ||
| Always | 58 (36.9) | 23 (32.4) | 20 (37.7) | ||
| Being paid by a man for sex in past month | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 161 (81.3) | 68 (77.3) | 63 (87.5) | .095 | |
| Number of different paying partners in past month (among who were paid by a man for sex in past month) | median (interquartile) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–3) | .865 |
| Paid a man for sex in past month | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 36 (18.5) | 22 (25.9) | 7 (9.7) | .009 | |
| Paid a man for sex in past month (among who were paid by a man for sex in past month) | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 30 (19.2) | 17 (26.6) | 6 (9.7) | .014 | |
| Frequencies of asking for condom use in anal sex with paying partners in past 6 months (among who were paid by a man for sex in past month) | n (%) | ||||
| Never | 59 (38.8) | 36 (53.7) | 8 (18.7) | .002 | |
| About ½ the time or less | 36 (23.7) | 11 (16.4) | 16 (35.6) | ||
| More than ½ the time | 13 (8.6) | 5 (7.5) | 6 (13.3) | ||
| Every time | 44 (28.9) | 15 (22.4) | 15 (33.3) | ||
| Frequencies of condom use in anal sex with paying partners in past 6 months (among who were paid by a man for sex in past month) | n (%) | ||||
| Never | 59 (41.3) | 36 (55.4) | 16 (32.0) | .033 | |
| About ½ the time or less | 35 (24.5) | 12 (18.5) | 15 (30) | ||
| More than ½ the time | 14 (9.8) | 5 (7.7) | 7 (14.0) | ||
| Every time | 35 (24.5) | 12 (18.5) | 12 (24.0) | ||
| Use a condom in anal sex with most recent commercial partner (among who were paid by a man for sex in past month) | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 62 (39.0) | 23 (34.8) | 23 (36.5) | .844 | |
| Know about lubrication for anal sex | n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 191 (96.0) | 84 (95.5) | 70 (95.9) | .893 | |
| Frequencies of using lubrication for anal sex | n (%) | ||||
| Never | 6 (3.0) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) | .004 | |
| Rarely | 28 (14.1) | 22 (25.0) | 4 (5.5) | ||
| Often | 7 (3.5) | 5 (5.7) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Very often | 36 (18.2) | 12 (13.6) | 18 (24.7) | ||
| Every time | 121 (61.1) | 46 (52.3) | 48 (65.8) | ||
| Self-perceived risk of HIV infectionc | n (%) | ||||
| No risk | 22 (11.5) | 8 (9.5) | 10 (14.3) | .605 | |
| Low risk | 9 (4.7) | 7 (8.3) | 2 (2.9) | ||
| Moderate risk | 20 (10.5) | 10 (11.9) | 5 (7.1) | ||
| High risk | 140 (73.3) | 59 (70.2) | 53 (75.7) | ||
| HIV statusd | n (%) | ||||
| Positive | 52 (30.2) | 20 (27.0) | 23 (35.4) | .287 |
a
All percentages in the table were estimated when missing cases for each according variable were excluded.
b
The other 100 cases did not know their total household income in past month; this proportion of missing data did not statistically differ between two groups (p-value=.485).
c
Analysis excluded those who knew their HIV+ status prior to this study (N=191).
d
N=172; the other 28 participants did not agree to be tested in this study.