Table 2.
Regulation of gene expression by probiotics in inflammatory diseases of the gut
| Study | Probiotic strain | Genes involved |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | ||
| Disfrutti et al[71] | VSL#3 | IL-10, TNFRSF1B |
| Ghadimi et al[72] | B. breve (DSMZ 20213) and L. rhamnosus GG | IL-17 and IL-23 |
| Grimoud et al[73] | B. breve and L. lactis | TLR-4 |
| Chen et al[74] | Saccharomyces boulardii | VEGF |
| Bassaganya-Riera et al[75] | VSL#3 | TNF-α, COX-2, and PPAR-γ |
| Ulcerative colitis | ||
| Garrido-Mesa et al[76] | E. coli Nissle 1917 | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, MIP-2, MCP-1, ICAM-1, MUC3, and ZO-1 |
| Claes et al[77] | L. rhamnosus GG wild type and mutant | TLR-2 |
| Miyauchi et al[78] | L. rhamnosus OLL2838 | ZO-1 |
| Mariman et al[79] | L. plantarum NCIMB8826 and VSL#3 | Inflammation and immune genes |
| Amit-Romach et al[80] | L. rhamnosus GG and a mixture of probiotics | MUC2, IL-6, and TNF-α |
| Duary et al[81] | L. plantarum Lp91 | IL-4, IL-6,COX-1, COX-2, and TNF-α |
| Grompone et al[82] | L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 | DAF-16/insulin-like pathway |
| Furrie et al[83] | B. longum | Human beta defensins 2, 3, and 4, TNF-α, and IL-1α |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | ||
| D'Souza et al[84] | S. boulardii | Caveolin-1 and NOS-isoforms |
| Lin et al[85] | L. rhamnosus GG | Genes with cytoprotective effects |
| Other inflammatory disorders | ||
| Gomi et al[86] | B. bifidum BF-1 | MUC5 |
| Mirpuri et al[87] | L. rhamnosus GG | IL-10, MIP-2, and TNF-α |
COX1: Cyclooxygenase 1; COX2: Cyclooxygenase 2; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL: Interleukin; MCP-1: Monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; MIP-2: Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 alpha; MUC: Mucins; NOS isoforms: Constitutional neuronal isoform (nNOS), the inducible isoform (iNOS), and the endothelial isoform (eNOS); PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFRSF1B: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b; TOLLIP: Toll-interacting protein; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VSL#3: Mixture of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp, thermophilus; ZO: Zona occludens.