Table 3.

Regulation of immunity and inflammation gene expression in the liver by probiotics

Study	Probiotic strain	Genes involved
Sepsis
Bu et al[101]	Lactobacillus spp.	CRAMP
Inflammation
Mair et al[102]	E. faecium, L. salivarius, L. reuteri and B. thermophilum	CDK-4 and TGF-β
Angelakis et al[103]	L. ingluviei	TNF-α
Experimental liver disease
D'Argenio et al[104]	L. paracasei B21060	TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, TLR4, TLR2, iNOS, eNOS, and αSMA
Zuo et al[105]	L. casei, B. subtillis, and Pichia anomala	Genes involved in immunity

CDK-4: Cyclin-dependent kinase-4; CRAMP: Cathelicidin-related peptide; IL: Interleukin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; iNOS: Inducible isoform; eNOS: Endothelial isoform; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.