TABLE 3.
Adjusted mean food intake of white women in the REGARDS study according to BMI phenotype defined by MetS criteria1
| BMI phenotype |
||||||
| Normal-weight |
Overweight |
Obese |
||||
| Metabolically healthy | Metabolically abnormal | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically abnormal | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically abnormal | |
| n (%)2 | 1587 (93.2) | 115 (6.8) | 1226 (76.0) | 388 (24.0) | 577 (45.0) | 705 (55.0) |
| Food group, g/d | ||||||
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Model 1 | 218 ± 4 | 186 ± 15 | 216 ± 5 | 202 ± 9 | 218 ± 7 | 205 ± 6 |
| Model 2 | 204 ± 10 | 196 ± 16 | 208 ± 9 | 207 ± 11 | 205 ± 11 | 193 ± 11 |
| Fruits | ||||||
| Model 1 | 141 ± 3a | 99 ± 12c | 132 ± 4a,b | 119 ± 7b,c | 132 ± 6a,b | 129 ± 5b |
| Model 2 | 130 ± 8 | 105 ± 13 | 122 ± 8 | 122 ± 9 | 127 ± 9 | 134 ± 9 |
| Whole-grain bread | ||||||
| Model 1 | 16.3 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 1.9 | 15.7 ± 0.6 | 15.2 ± 1.0 | 16.6 ± 0.8 | 15.9 ± 0.8 |
| Model 2 | 18.3 ± 1.4 | 18.3 ± 2.2 | 17.5 ± 1.3 | 17.0 ± 1.5 | 17.8 ± 1.6 | 17.0 ± 1.6 |
| Refined grains | ||||||
| Model 1 | 19.4 ± 0.7 | 18.9 ± 2.5 | 19.3 ± 0.8 | 18.7 ± 1.4 | 20.8 ± 1.1 | 22.7 ± 1.0 |
| Model 2 | 24.3 ± 1.7 | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 23.9 ± 1.6 | 23.4 ± 2.0 | 23.9 ± 2.0 | 25.6 ± 2.0 |
| Beans | ||||||
| Model 1 | 13.4 ± 0.5a,b | 15.6 ± 2.0a | 11.1 ± 0.6c | 11.1 ± 1.1b,c | 11.6 ± 0.9a,b,c | 11.7 ± 0.8a,b,c |
| Model 2 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 16.2 ± 2.3 | 11.7 ± 1.3 | 12.0 ± 1.6 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | 12.3 ± 1.6 |
| Fish | ||||||
| Model 1 | 18.3 ± 0.6 | 14.2 ± 2.1 | 18.6 ± 0.7 | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 18.8 ± 1.0 | 18.6 ± 0.9 |
| Model 2 | 19.6 ± 1.5 | 19.0 ± 2.5 | 19.9 ± 1.4 | 19.8 ± 1.7 | 20.3 ± 1.7 | 20.9 ± 1.7 |
| Poultry | ||||||
| Model 1 | 13.4 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 1.7 | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 13.9 ± 0.8 | 13.7 ± 0.7 |
| Model 2 | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 12.6 ± 1.3 | 12.3 ± 1.4 | 12.6 ± 1.4 |
| Red meat | ||||||
| Model 1 | 26.3 ± 0.8d | 26.0 ± 2.8c,d | 30.4 ± 0.9b,c | 29.7 ± 1.6b,c | 32.9 ± 1.3a,b | 35.8 ± 1.1a |
| Model 2 | 30.9 ± 1.9 | 30.9 ± 3.2 | 32.5 ± 1.8 | 31.1 ± 2.2 | 31.8 ± 2.2 | 33.4 ± 2.3 |
| Processed meat | ||||||
| Model 1 | 11.1 ± 0.4c | 11.1 ± 1.3b,c | 12.5 ± 0.4b | 13.0 ± 0.7b | 13.7 ± 0.6b | 15.6 ± 0.5a |
| Model 2 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 11.4 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 0.9 | 12.5 ± 1.1 | 11.6 ± 1.1 | 12.5 ± 1.1 |
| Fried foods | ||||||
| Model 1 | 12.2 ± 0.5d | 14.8 ± 1.8c,d | 15.0 ± 0.5c | 16.2 ± 1.0b,c | 18.7 ± 0.8a,b | 19.3 ± 0.7a |
| Model 2 | 13.0 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 14.2 ± 1.4 | 12.5 ± 1.5 |
| Low-fat dairy | ||||||
| Model 1 | 117 ± 5a | 96 ± 19a,b | 116 ± 6a | 101 ± 11a,b | 101 ± 9a,b | 84 ± 8b |
| Model 2 | 75 ± 13 | 72 ± 22 | 82 ± 13 | 74 ± 15 | 74 ± 15 | 67 ± 16 |
| High-fat dairy | ||||||
| Model 1 | 91 ± 4b | 95 ± 15a,b | 97 ± 5b | 96 ± 9a,b | 105 ± 7a,b | 116 ± 6a |
| Model 2 | 96 ± 11 | 83 ± 18 | 104 ± 10 | 91 ± 12 | 108 ± 13 | 109 ± 13 |
| 100% Fruit juice | ||||||
| Model 1 | 109 ± 4 | 123 ± 13 | 104 ± 4 | 106 ± 7 | 100 ± 6 | 105 ± 5 |
| Model 2 | 97 ± 10 | 119 ± 16 | 104 ± 9 | 106 ± 11 | 110 ± 11 | 116 ± 12 |
| SSBs | ||||||
| Model 1 | 91 ± 6b | 132 ± 23a,b | 103 ± 7b | 147 ± 13a | 106 ± 10b | 154 ± 9a |
| Model 2 | 140 ± 17 | 147 ± 27 | 134 ± 16 | 149 ± 19 | 113 ± 19 | 140 ± 19 |
Values are means ± SEMs. ANCOVA was used to compute least-squares means of food intakes and to calculate pairwise mean differences in BMI phenotypes. Labeled means in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Metabolically healthy normal-weight [BMI (kg/m2) 18.5 to < 25.0 and <3 MetS components]; metabolically healthy overweight (BMI 25 to <30 and <3 MetS components); metabolically healthy obese (BMI ≥30 and <3 MetS components); metabolically abnormal normal-weight (BMI 18.5 to <25.0 and ≥3 MetS components); metabolically abnormal overweight (BMI 25 to <30 and ≥3 MetS components); metabolically abnormal obese (BMI ≥ and ≥3 MetS components). Model 1 adjusted for baseline age. Model 2 adjusted for baseline age, BMI, marital status (married, other), residential region (Stroke Belt, other), education (less than college degree, college degree or higher), annual income (<$35,000, ≥35,000), alcohol intake (none, moderate, heavy), multivitamin use (yes, no), cigarette smoking status (nonsmoker, current smoker), physical activity (0, 1–3, ≥4 times/wk), television viewing (0 h/wk, 1–6 h/wk, ≥1 h/d), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, menopausal status (yes, no), hormone therapy (yes, no), and food intakes (vegetables, fruits, whole-grain bread, refined grains, beans, fish, poultry, red meat, processed meat, fried foods, low-fat dairy, high-fat dairy, 100% fruit juice, SSBs; each food item was adjusted for all other food intakes). MetS, metabolic syndrome; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages.
Percentage of each BMI category.