TABLE 3.
Risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver by total choline intake in the Shanghai Women’s and Men’s Health Studies1
| Quintile of intake |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Women | ||||||
| All women (n = 37,432) | ||||||
| Median intake, mg/d | 185 | 242 | 284 | 326 | 394 | |
| Cases, n | 1109 | 1192 | 1087 | 1088 | 1025 | |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 0.05 |
| Normal weight (n = 25,609) | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) | 0.007 |
| Overweight or obese (n = 11,823) | 1 (ref) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.34) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 0.99 |
| No alcohol consumption (n = 36,747) | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.06 |
| Light alcohol consumption (n = 685) | 1 (ref) | 0.67 (0.23, 1.96) | 1.21 (0.46, 3.16) | 1.03 (0.37, 2.88) | 0.57 (0.17, 1.91) | 0.45 |
| Men | ||||||
| All men (n = 18,763) | ||||||
| Median intake, mg/d | 205 | 266 | 312 | 360 | 435 | |
| Cases, n | 582 | 613 | 609 | 606 | 626 | |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.75 (0.60, 0.93) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.09 |
| Normal weight (n = 12,752) | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.18) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 0.19 |
| Overweight or obese (n = 6010) | 1 (ref) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.24) | 0.36 |
| No alcohol consumption (n = 14,295) | 1 (ref) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | 0.17 |
| Light alcohol consumption (n = 4467) | 1 (ref) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.06) | 0.71 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 0.24 |
All values are ORs (95% CIs) unless indicated otherwise. Model 1 adjusted for age, total energy intake, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary intakes of protein, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat. Model 2 further adjusted for menopause (in women only), history of hypertension, diabetes, gallstones, or dyslipidemia, and BMI. All categories are adjusted as per model 2 unless indicated otherwise. Normal weight was defined as BMI <25 kg/m2, overweight/obese was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2. P-interaction between choline quintile and obesity status was < 0.0001 in women and 0.70 in men. Light alcohol consumption was defined as 0–14 g ethanol/d for women and 0–28 g ethanol/d for men. P-interaction between choline quintile and alcohol drinking was 0.52 in women and 0.26 in men. ref, reference.