Table 2.
Diabetes risk associated with coffee intake in the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort, men, 1993–2007*
| Men (n 36 120) | Caucasian (n 14 972) | Native Hawaiian (n 4583) | Japanese American (n 16 565) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary variable | Category | n† | HR | 95 % CI | n | HR | 95 % CI | n | HR | 95 % CI | n | HR | 95 % CI |
| Total coffee (cups/d)‡ | Almost never | 618 | 1·00 | – | 174 | 1·00 | – | 146 | 1·00 | – | 298 | 1·00 | – |
| <1 | 905 | 1·12 | 1·01, 1·24 | 196 | 1·12 | 0·91, 1·38 | 198 | 1·28 | 1·03, 1·60 | 511 | 1·09 | 0·94, 1·26 | |
| 1 | 1408 | 1·06 | 0·97, 1·17 | 269 | 0·92 | 0·75, 1·11 | 219 | 1·14 | 0·92, 1·42 | 920 | 1·12 | 0·98, 1·28 | |
| 2 | 1168 | 1·05 | 0·95, 1·16 | 286 | 0·92 | 0·76, 1·12 | 175 | 1·25 | 0·99, 1·58 | 707 | 1·08 | 0·94, 1·24 | |
| ≥3 | 442 | 0·95 | 0·84, 1·08 | 151 | 0·90 | 0·71, 1·12 | 55 | 1·03 | 0·75, 1·43 | 236 | 0·96 | 0·81, 1·15 | |
| P trend | 0·30 | 0·08 | 0·50 | 0·82 | |||||||||
| 0 to <1 | 1523 | 1·00 | – | 370 | 1·00 | – | 344 | 1·00 | – | 809 | 1·00 | – | |
| 1 | 1408 | 0·99 | 0·92, 1·07 | 269 | 0·86 | 0·74, 1·01 | 219 | 0·99 | 0·83, 1·18 | 920 | 1·06 | 0·96, 1·17 | |
| 2 | 1168 | 0·98 | 0·90, 1·06 | 286 | 0·87 | 0·74, 1·02 | 175 | 1·08 | 0·90, 1·31 | 707 | 1·02 | 0·92, 1·13 | |
| ≥3 | 442 | 0·89 | 0·80, 0·99 | 151 | 0·84 | 0·69, 1·03 | 55 | 0·90 | 0·67, 1·21 | 236 | 0·91 | 0·79, 1·06 | |
| P trend | 0·09 | 0·05 | 0·96 | 0·49 | |||||||||
| Regular coffee (cups/d)‡ | Almost never | 1035 | 1·00 | – | 288 | 1·00 | – | 208 | 1·00 | – | 539 | 1·00 | – |
| <1 | 907 | 1·07 | 0·98, 1·18 | 182 | 1·03 | 0·85, 1·24 | 190 | 1·29 | 1·05, 1·58 | 535 | 1·04 | 0·92, 1·18 | |
| 1 | 1262 | 1·02 | 0·93, 1·11 | 233 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·04 | 219 | 1·19 | 0·97, 1·45 | 810 | 1·03 | 0·92, 1·15 | |
| 2 | 1054 | 0·99 | 0·91, 1·09 | 278 | 0·95 | 0·80, 1·12 | 144 | 1·18 | 0·94, 1·47 | 632 | 0·98 | 0·87, 1·11 | |
| ≥3 | 283 | 0·86 | 0·75, 0·98 | 95 | 0·79 | 0·62, 1·00 | 32 | 0·94 | 0·64, 1·39 | 156 | 0·87 | 0·72, 1·05 | |
| P trend | 0·09 | 0·07 | 0·46 | 0·24 | |||||||||
| Decaffeinated coffee (cups/d)‡ | Almost never | 3082 | 1·00 | – | 793 | 1·00 | – | 531 | 1·00 | – | 1812 | 1·00 | – |
| <1 | 854 | 1·08 | 1·00, 1·16 | 196 | 1·21 | 1·03, 1·42 | 164 | 1·29 | 1·07, 1·54 | 494 | 0·98 | 0·88, 1·08 | |
| 1 | 393 | 1·03 | 0·93, 1·15 | 77 | 0·99 | 0·78, 1·26 | 67 | 1·11 | 0·86, 1·44 | 249 | 1·03 | 0·90, 1·18 | |
| ≥2 | 212 | 1·07 | 0·93, 1·23 | 64 | 1·00 | 0·77, 1·30 | 32 | 1·13 | 0·78, 1·64 | 117 | 1·09 | 0·90, 1·32 | |
| P trend | 0·71 | 0·58 | 0·09 | 0·47 | |||||||||
HR, hazard ratio.
Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals obtained from Cox regression models stratified by age and adjusted for ethnicity (Japanese American, Native Hawaiian v. Caucasian), BMI (23·0–24·9, 25·0–29·9 and ≥30·0 kg/m2 v. <23·0 kg/m2), physical activity (logarithm of continuous), education (13–15 and ≥16 years v. ≤12 years), history of hypertension, energy (logarithm of continuous), alcohol intake (<1 drink/month, <1 drink/d, ≥1 drink/d), smoking status (current, past, never), sugared sodas (0, <2 sodas/week, ≥2 sodas/week), dietary fibre per 4184 kJ (logarithm of continuous) and processed meat per 4184 kJ (logarithm of continuous).
n represents diabetes cases.
1 cup is the equivalent of 240 g.