Table 1.
Average basal values (nM) of glutamate in awake animals as well as the statistical distribution of the data (i.e., median, maximum and minimum)
| Brain region | Glutamate: average basal value ± sEM [nM] | Median | Max | Min |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Number of rats) | ||||
| Olfactory Bulb (30) | 3857 ± 2057 | 4681 | 3307 | 6055 |
| Prefrontal Cortex (445) | 1182 ± 236 | 1290 | 3500 | 105 |
| Insular Cortex (6) | 1750 ± 320 | - | - | - |
| Nucleus Accumbens (661) | 2135 ± 382 | 623 | 12379 | 10 |
| Caudate Putamen (675) | 1009 ± 166 | 735 | 8100 | 25 |
| Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis (7) | 830 ± 70 | - | - | - |
| Globus Pallidus | 435 ± 153 | 400 | 673 | 171 |
| Sprague–Dawley (42) | ||||
| Wistar (39) | 876 ± 381 | 1518 | 1905 | 236 |
| Hypothalamus (63) | 1178 ± 373 | 492 | 3500 | 24 |
| Amygdala (138) | 4475 ± 1779 | 835 | 10980 | 32 |
| Hippocampus (301) | 2616 ± 513 | 1480 | 18940 | 50 |
| Thalamus (71) | 842 ± 280 | 705 | 1640 | 114 |
| Subthalamic Nucleus (30) | 118 ± 1 | - | - | - |
| Substantia Nigra Sprague–Dawley (487) | 136 ± 41 | 115 | 518 | 88 |
| Wistar (75) | 517 ± 210 | 500 | 684 | 110 |
| Ventral Tegmental Area | 205 ± 68 | 177 | 410 | 114 |
| Sprague–Dawley (184) | ||||
| Wistar (17) | 571 ± 342 | 504 | 733 | 275 |
| Long-Evans (59) | 1294 ± 654 | 1295 | 1489 | 1100 |
| Raphe (7) | 1243 ± 92 | - | - | - |
| Locus Coeruleus (100) | 2430 ± 730 | 4400 | 10750 | 58 |
| Pons (26) | 75 ± 5 | - | - | - |
OB: Guevara-Guzman, R., et al. (2000) PFC: Abekawa et al. (2006); Ballini et al. (2008); Calcagno et al. (2006); Carli et al. (2011); Del Arco and Mora (1999); Del Arco and Mora (2000); Del Arco and Mora (2002); Giovannini et al. (2005); Harte and O'Connor (2004); Hashimoto et al. (1995); Hernandez et al. (2008); Huang et al. (2008); Hugues et al. (2007); Li et al. (2010b); Lupinsky et al. (2010); Ohoyama et al. (2011); Pistis et al. (2002); Qi et al. (2012); Robert et al. (1996); Selim and Bradberry (1996); Stephans and Yamamoto (1995); Timmerman et al. (1999); Welty and Shoblock (2009); Yamamura et al. (2009a) Ins: Guzman-Ramos et al. (2010) NAc: Dahchour et al. (1996); Dalley et al. (1999); Dawson et al. (2001); Ericson et al., (2011); Fu et al. (2000); Giorgetti et al. (2001); Hemmati et al. (2001); Hernandez et al. (2008); Hotsenpiller and Wolf (2003); Huang et al. (2008); Ito. et al. (2006); Lallemand et al. (2006); Li et al.(2010a); Mikhailova (2003); Quarta et al. (2004); Quertemont et al.(2000); Saulskaya and Mikhailova (2002); Saul'skaya and Mikhailova (2005); Saulskaya and Soloviova (2004); Segovia et al. (1999); Selim and Bradberry (1996); Shou et al. (2004); Xi et al. (2003b); You et al. (2001); You et al. (1998); Zangen and Hyodo (2002) CPu: Anderson and DiMicco (1992); Battaglia et al. (1997); Bert et al. (2002); Carboni et al. (1993); Dawson et al. (2001); Dawson et al. (2003); Del Arco et al. (1998); Fantin et al. (2007); Ferraro et al. (1998); Hashimoto et al. (1995); Hernandez et al. (2008); Lillrank et al. (1994); Mark et al. (2004); Massieu et al. (1995); Meeusen et al. (1997); Melani et al. (2003); Molchanova et al. (2004a); Molchanova, et al. (2004b); Morales-Villagran and Tapia (1996); Morari et al. (1996); Morari et al. (1993); Morari (1994); Northrop et al. (2011); Parrot et al. (2003); Segovia et al. (1997); Segovia et al. (1999); Segovia et al. (2001); Stephans and Yamamoto (1995); Takeda et al. (2003); Toth et al. (1993); Yamada et al. (2009); Yamamoto et al. (1999) BST: Forray et al. (1999) GP: Biggs et al. (1997a); Biggs and Starr (1997b); Chapman and See (1996); Fantin et al. (2007); Ferraro et al. (1998); Galeffi et al. (2003); Kretschmer (2000); Li et al. (2010a); Sizemore et al. (2000); Windels et al. (2000); Windels et al. (2005) HyT: Anderson and DiMicco (1992); Azuma et al. (1996); Ferraro et al. (1999); Keck et al. (2000); Mason et al. (1997); Melis et al. (2004); Succu et al. (2006) Amy: Kaura et al. (1995); Mucignat-Caretta et al. (2006); Quertemont et al. (1999); Quertemont et al. (1998); Roberto et al. (2004b); Skorzewska et al. (2009) Hc: Ballini et al. (2008); Biggs et al. (1992); Clinckers et al. (2005); Dawson et al. (2001); Ferraro et al. (1997a); Giovannini et al. (2005); Giovannini et al. (2001); Giovannini et al. (1998); Hossain et al. (2008); Katoh et al. (1997); Kuntz et al. (2004); Langlais and Zhang (1993); Oreiro-Garcia et al. (2007); Rakovska et al. (1998); Rosi et al. (2004); Rowley et al. (1995); Shimizu et al. (1998); Takeda et al. (2004); Takeda et al. (2002); Tanaka et al. (2004); Ueda and Tsuru (1995); Wislowska-Stanek et al. (2008); Zhu et al. (2008); Zuiderwijk et al. (1996) Th: Abarca et al. (2000); Banerjee and Snead (1995); Ferraro et al. (1997b); Hazell et al. (1993); Langlais and Zhang (1993); Nyitrai et al. (1999); Terzioglu et al. (2006) STh: Ampe et al. (2007) SN: Bianchi et al. (1998); Biggs et al. (1995); Boulet et al. (2006); Fantin et al. (2007); Ferraro et al. (1998); Ferraro et al. (2001); Galeffi et al. (2003); Hatzipetros and Yamamoto (2006); Marti et al. (2002); Morari et al. (1998); Nyitrai et al. (1999); Robelet et al. (2004); Rosales et al. (1997); Yamamura et al. (2009ba) VTA: Frantz et al. (2002); Fu et al. (2000); Harte and O'Connor (2004) Harte and O'Connor (2005); Kretschmer et al. (2000); O'Dell (2004); Pehek et al. (2006); Timmerman et al. (1999); Wang et al. (2005); Wolf and Xue (1998); Wolf and Xue (1999); You et al. (2007) R: Varga et al. (1998) LC: Feng et al. (1997); Feng et al. (1995); Hoshi et al. (1996); Hoshi et al. (1997); Liu et al. (1999); Singewald et al. (1995); Sullivan et al. (2000); Timmerman, et al. (1999); Tokuyama et al. (1998); Zhang et al. (1994) Pn: Sato et al. (2007).