Table 4.
Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk by smoking status, alcohol use and body mass index
| Overall | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee intake | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) |
| Never smokers | ||||||
| Nondaily | 132 | 1.00a | 48 | 1.00a | 84 | 1.00a |
| Daily | 219 | 0.71 (0.54–0.92) | 86 | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 133 | 0.54 (0.38–0.76) |
| Ever smokers | ||||||
| Nondaily | 61 | 1.00b | 59 | 1.00b | 2 | 1.00b |
| Daily | 235 | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 201 | 1.00 (0.72–1.41) | 34 | 3.36 (0.75–15.03) |
| Alcohol nondrinkers | ||||||
| Nondaily | 167 | 1.00a | 83 | 1.00a | 84 | 1.00a |
| Daily | 380 | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | 222 | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | 158 | 0.61 (0.44–0.84) |
| Alcohol drinkers | ||||||
| Nondaily | 26 | 1.00a | 24 | 1.00a | 2 | 1.00a |
| Daily | 74 | 0.84 (0.5–1.42) | 65 | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) | 9 | 1.41 (0.24–8.18) |
| BMI (<23.1 kg/m2) | ||||||
| Nondaily | 87 | 1.00d | 51 | 1.00d | 36 | 1.00d |
| Daily | 226 | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) | 163 | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 63 | 0.59 (0.35–0.99) |
| BMI (≥23.1 kg/m2) | ||||||
| Nondaily | 106 | 1.00d | 56 | 1.00d | 50 | 1.00d |
| Daily | 228 | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 124 | 0.90 (0.62–1.32) | 104 | 0.66 (0.43–0.99) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, CI, confidence interval; HR, hazards ratio
Hazard ratios are adjusted for age (years), gender (in overall model only), interview year (1993–1995, 1996–1998), dialect (Hokkien, Cantonese), education (less than secondary, secondary or greater), cigarette smoking status (never, former, current), number of cigarettes smoked per day (never, 1–12, ≥13), years smoked (never, 1–39, ≥40), body mass index (<20, 20-<24, 24-<28, ≥28 kg/m2), caffeine (mg/day), and total energy intake (kcal/day).
Hazard ratios are adjusted for same covariates as listed above (a), excluding cigarette smoking status.
Hazard ratios are adjusted for same covariates as listed above (a), excluding body mass index.