Table 2. Bivariate analysis: Baseline characteristics and their correlation with risk of BPH progression.

Characteristics identified within our literature search as well as a number of other factors collected within MTOPS data were analyzed. Variables are plotted with their model coefficients and hazard ratios. Standard errors are noted for each estimate.

Variable	Estimate	SE	p-value	HR
Age, year	0.0373	0.0072	<.0001	1.038
AUA Symptom Score	−0.0240	0.0093	0.0098	0.976
Prostate volume, ml	0.0096	0.0021	<.0001	1.010
Maximal urinary flow rate, ml/sec	−0.0587	0.0204	0.004	0.943
Post-voiding residual volume, ml	0.0018	0.0005	0.001	1.002
Serum PSA, ng/ml	0.1096	0.0223	<.0001	1.116
BPH Impact Index	0.0452	0.0192	0.0184	1.046
Serum glucose, ng/dl	−0.0005	0.0013	0.7126	1.000
BMI, kg/m2	−0.0018	0.0130	0.8930	0.998
Primary school education only, yes vs. no	0.3511	0.2420	0.1469	1.421
Family history of prostate cancer
Yes	−0.0757	0.1597	0.6357	0.927
No				1.00 (reference)
Unknown	0.2040	0.1480	0.1682	1.226
Impotence, n (%)
Yes	0.2117	0.1194	0.0762	1.236
No				1.00 (reference)
Intermittent	0.0072	0.1374	0.9583	1.007
History of diabetes, yes vs. no	0.0826	0.1854	0.6561	1.086
History of hypertension, yes vs. no	0.0173	0.1186	0.8843	1.017

SE = standard error; HR = hazard ratio; CL = confidence limit; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; AUA = American Urological Association