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(A) ALP and alizarin red S staining. (B) DMOG promoted RUNX-2 and osterix mRNA expression. (C) DMOG increased β-catenin mRNA and protein expression. (D) DMOG increased nuclear β-catenin, LEF-1, TCF-1, and HIF-1α protein expression. These effects were attenuated by YC-1. P<0.05 for comparisons among the groups designated with an asterisk.
