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. 2014 Sep;29(3):423–432. doi: 10.1177/0885328214531511

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Figure 5. — Freeze-dried structures of carboxymethylated pre-treated samples. (a) The freeze-dried structures without (left) and with Ca²⁺ (right) are exemplified. (b) FESEM of the micro-porous structure of the carboxymethylated nanocellulose sample. (c) FESEM of the micro-porous structure of the carboxymethylated nanocellulose, which is ionic-bonded with Ca²⁺. FESEM: field-emission scanning electron microscopy.