Table 4. The variance and age of three Y-chromosomal major haplogroups of the Tharu, among different regional and ethnic groups.
| Haplogroup | Group | n | Variance | Age (Kya) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O3a2c1-M134 | Tibet | 46 | 0.3 | 11.2±3 |
| Nepal | 120 | 0.34 | 13±3.8 | |
| NE India | 45 | 0.38 | 15.9±2 | |
| Tharu-All | 23 | 0.25 | 12.2±0.8 | |
| Tharu-Nepal | 8 | 0.23 | 9.7±1.2 | |
| Tharu-UT | 7 | 0.2 | 10±1.6 | |
| Tharu-UP | 8 | 0.19 | 8.5±1.2 | |
| R1a-M17 | Nepal | 44 | 0.3 | 13.7±2.9 |
| India-North | 39 | 0.34 | 14.6±2.9 | |
| Tharu-All | 49 | 0.31 | 14.5±0.8 | |
| Tharu-Nepal | 5 | 0.16 | 7.3±1.7 | |
| Tharu-UT | 8 | 0.22 | 8.2±1.9 | |
| Tharu-UP | 36 | 0.32 | 15±1 | |
| H1a1a-M82 | India-North | 35 | 0.49 | 20.8±4.4 |
| Tharu-All | 19 | 0.24 | 11.3±1.5 | |
| Tharu-Nepal | 4 | 0.27 | 8.5±1.7 | |
| Tharu-UT | 4 | 0.22 | 7.3±1 | |
| Tharu-UP | 11 | 0.19 | 9.4±1.7 |
Abbreviations: NE India, Northeast India; UP, Uttar Pradesh; UT, Uttarakhand. The age was estimated from the ρ statistic (the mean number of mutations from the assumed root of each and every founder), using a 25-year generation time and the TD statistic, assuming a mutation rate of 6.9 × 10−4 (Zhivotovsky et al24), based on variation at 15 common Y-STR loci.