Table 2.

Bivariate associations between background and grandparenting variables and depressive symptoms among grandparents

Variable	Depressive symptoms
	R	F
Age	0.06**
Gender	0.15**
Education	−0.04**
Income	−0.13**
Physical limitation	0.30**
Country of residence		9.2**
Frequency of contact	0.06**
Attitudes toward grandparenting	0.07**
Grandparent-focused role occupancy	0.10**
Centrality of grandparent’s role	0. 05*

* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01