Table 3.

Multivariate analyses of background and grandparenting variables and depressive symptoms among grandparents

Variables	Model 1 β	Model 2 β	Model 3 β	Model 4 β	Model 5 β
Age	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	−0.02
Gender	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***
Education	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02
Income	−0.07***	−0.07***	−0.07***	−0.07***	−0.07***
Physical limitation	0.25***	0.25***	0.25***	0.25***	0.25***
Germany	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03
Sweden	−0.09***	−0.09***	−0.09***	−0.09***	−0.09***
Netherlands	0.08***	0.08***	0.08***	0.08**	0.08**
Spain	0.08***	0.07***	0.08***	0.08***	0.08***
Italy	0.09***	0.09***	0.09***	0.08***	0.08***
France	0.03	0.03	0.04**	0.04**	0.04**
Denmark	−0.09***	−0.09***	−0.07***	−0.10***	−0.10***
Greece	0.09***	0.09***	0.09***	0.08***	0.08***
Switzerland	−0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	−0.01
Belgium	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***	0.10***
Frequency of contact		0.00
Attitudes toward grandparenting		0.01
Grandparent-focused role occupancy		0.04***
Centrality of grandparent’s role			0.00	−0.02	−0.05
Age × centrality				0.02
Gender × centrality					0.07
R²	0.173	0.175	0.175	0.175	0.175

** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001