Table I.
Normal Values for Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
| Article | N | Mode | Male EF Lower Limit (%) | Female Lower Limit (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfakih et al.4 | 60 | MRI TGE | 57.0 | 58.0 |
| Alfakih et al.4 | 60 | MRI SSFP | 55.0 | 54.0 |
| Cain et al.5 | 96 | MRI gradient echo* | 49.0 (61–80 years) | 53.0 (61–80 years) |
| Nikitin et al.6 | 95 | MRI SSFP | 66.0 (<65 years) | 68.0 (>65 years) |
| 70.0 (>65 years) | 72.0 (>65 years) | |||
| Lang et al. (ASE guidelines)7 | 510 | 2D ECHO | 55.0 | 55.0 |
| Aune et al.8 | 166 | 3D ECHO | 49.0 | 49.0 |
| Fukuda et al.9 – Japanese | 410 | 3D ECHO (QLAB, TomTec) | 51.0 (60–69 years) | 53.0 (60–69 years) |
| Chahal et al.10 – European white | 499 | 3D ECHO | 50.0 (35–44 years) | 52.0 (35–44 years) |
| 52.0 (45–54 years) | 51.0 (45–54 years) | |||
| 48.0 (55–64 years) | 53.0 (55–64 years) | |||
| 47.0 (65–75 years) | 55.0 (65–75 years) | |||
| Chahal et al.10 – Indian Asian | 479 | 3D ECHO | 50.0 (35–44 years) | 53.0 (35–44 years) |
| 51.0 (45–54 years) | 52.0 (45–54 years) | |||
| 51.0 (55–64 years) | 53.0 (55–64 years) | |||
| 53.0 (65–75 years) | 55.0 (65–75 years) | |||
| Wang et al.11 | 140 | gSPECT QGS | 51.1 | 57.6 |
| Wang et al.11 | 140 | gSPECT 4D-MSPECT | 57.1 | 51.5 |
| Nakajima et al.12 | 268 | gSPECT QGS | 48.7 | 55.5 |
| Hor et al.13 | 585 | RNV | 49.0 | 49.0 |
| Pfisterer et al.14 | 1200 | RNV | 45.0 | 45.0 |
| Jongjirasiri et al.15 | 115 | 320-CT | 47.4 | 53.1 |
ASE = american society of echocardiography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; TGE = turbo gradient echo; SSFP = steady-state free procession; 2D = two-dimensional; 3D = three-dimensional; ECHO = echocardiography; gSPECT = gated single photon emission computed tomography; QGS = quantitative gated single photon emission computed tomography software; 4D-MSPECT = four-dimensional myocardial single photon emission computed tomography; RNV = radionuclide ventriculography; 320-CT = 320 slice computed tomography.
*
Sequence not specified.