Table 3.
Results from Multinomial Logit Model with Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting for HCBS versus Nursing Home Users
| Variable | Potentially Preventable Hospitalization | NonPotentially Preventable Hospitalization | Died | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (SE) | Marginal Effect (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Marginal Effect (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Marginal Effect (SE) | |
| Long-term care type (Nursing home = reference) | ||||||
| HCBS | 0.260** (0.029) | 0.010** (0.001) | 0.238** (0.022) | 0.021** (0.002) | −0.738** (0.035) | −0.015** (0.001) |
| Age (65–70 = reference) | ||||||
| 71–75 | 0.034 (0.030) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.010 (0.020) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.229** (0.044) | 0.003** (0.001) |
| 76–80 | 0.035 (0.033) | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.031 (0.019) | −0.004* (0.002) | 0.479** (0.042) | 0.007** (0.001) |
| 81–85 | 0.103** (0.033) | 0.004** (0.001) | −0.032 (0.020) | −0.005* (0.002) | 0.647** (0.042) | 0.010** (0.001) |
| 86–90 | 0.128** (0.036) | 0.005** (0.001) | −0.011 (0.026) | −0.003 (0.002) | 0.866** (0.043) | 0.014** (0.001) |
| 91+ | 0.173** (0.036) | 0.006** (0.001) | −0.037 (0.028) | −0.007** (0.002) | 1.256** (0.045) | 0.025** (0.001) |
| Gender (Male = reference) | ||||||
| Female | −0.009 (0.020) | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.086** (0.015) | −0.007** (0.001) | −0.180** (0.032) | −0.003** (0.001) |
| Race (White = reference) | ||||||
| Black | −0.072** (0.026) | −0.003** (0.001) | 0.009 (0.018) | 0.002 (0.002) | −0.239** (0.046) | −0.004** (0.001) |
| Hispanic | 0.012 (0.037) | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.064** (0.024) | 0.006** (0.002) | −0.222** (0.047) | −0.004** (0.001) |
| Asian | −0.183** (0.057) | −0.006** (0.002) | −0.047 (0.081) | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.289 (0.155) | −0.005* (0.002) |
| Native American | 0.259** (0.087) | 0.011* (0.004) | 0.157** (0.044) | 0.013** (0.004) | −0.211 (0.119) | −0.004* (0.002) |
| Other | −0.009 (0.070) | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.038 (0.038) | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.039 (0.049) | 0.001 (0.001) |
| Urban/rural residence (Urban = reference) | ||||||
| Rural | −0.075* (0.036) | −0.003* (0.001) | 0.051** (0.019) | 0.005** (0.002) | −0.155** (0.037) | −0.003** (0.001) |
| Medicaid eligibility (Poverty/Cash = reference) | ||||||
| Medically needy/Other | 0.081** (0.022) | 0.002** (0.001) | 0.065** (0.014) | 0.004** (0.001) | 0.644** (0.075) | 0.010** (0.001) |
| Diagnosis | ||||||
| Anemia | 0.081** (0.022) | 0.002* (0.001) | 0.182** (0.013) | 0.015** (0.001) | 0.094** (0.026) | 0.001** (0.000) |
| Anxiety | 0.039 (0.027) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.057** (0.022) | 0.005* (0.002) | −0.048 (0.052) | −0.001 (0.001) |
| Arthritis | −0.029 (0.023) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.018) | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.295** (0.023) | −0.005** (0.000) |
| Cancer | 0.074** (0.026) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.152** (0.026) | 0.013** (0.002) | 0.319** (0.028) | 0.006** (0.001) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.257** (0.026) | 0.008** (0.001) | 0.318** (0.016) | 0.027** (0.002) | 0.453** (0.036) | 0.009** (0.001) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.562** (0.029) | 0.023** (0.001) | 0.173** (0.016) | 0.011** (0.001) | 0.227** (0.028) | 0.004** (0.001) |
| Dementia | 0.006 (0.016) | −0.000 (0.001) | 0.063** (0.011) | 0.005** (0.001) | 0.302** (0.016) | 0.006** (0.000) |
| Depression | 0.045* (0.018) | 0.002* (0.001) | 0.041** (0.012) | 0.004** (0.004) | −0.153** (0.028) | −0.003** (0.001) |
| Diabetes | 0.225** (0.021) | 0.008** (0.001) | 0.145** (0.015) | 0.012** (0.001) | −0.038 (0.024) | −0.001** (0.000) |
| Heart failure | 0.468** (0.022) | 0.018** (0.001) | 0.181** (0.012) | 0.013** (0.001) | 0.228** (0.027) | 0.004** (0.001) |
| Hypertension | 0.019 (0.028) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.036* (0.017) | 0.004** (0.001) | −0.394** (0.033) | −0.008** (0.001) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.196** (0.020) | 0.007** (0.001) | 0.200** (0.014) | 0.016** (0.001) | 0.022 (0.026) | −0.000 (0.000) |
| Stroke | 0.063** (0.021) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.156** (0.013) | 0.013** (0.001) | 0.140** (0.025) | 0.002** (0.000) |
| Previous hospitalization | ||||||
| Yes | 0.720** (0.016) | 0.027** (0.001) | 0.673**(0.015) | 0.058** (0.002) | 1.073** (0.030) | 0.023** (0.001) |
Note. Model also included dummy variables for quarter of observation and component economic area of residence and controlled for the number of hospital beds per 1,000 population 65+ in county and per-capita county income.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01.
HCBS, home and community-based services; SE, standard error.