. 2013 Dec 5;49(3):878–892. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12131

Table 3.

Relationship between Insurance Competition and Spending, Utilization, and Price

	Spending (Input Price Adjusted)	Utilization	Price (Adjusted for Input Price Differences)
Insurance Herfindahl Index	−803.78	337.20	−.30
Insurance Herfindahl Index	0.002	0.036	<0.005
% of pop. in commercial HMOs	−1,051.98	−2,124.09	0.37
% of pop. in commercial HMOs	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005
% of pop. in Medicare	−2,019.98	1,925.08	−1.02
% of pop. in Medicare	0.045	0.003	0.002
% of pop. in Medicaid	−1,099.65	−1,196.11	0.05
% of pop. in Medicaid	0.014	<0.005	0.734
% of pop. uninsured	−1,257.93	−505.43	−0.20
% of pop. uninsured	0.033	0.172	0.296
Hospital Herfindahl Index	−115.02	−22.37	−0.02
Hospital Herfindahl Index	0.554	0.854	0.799
Beds per 100,000	2,213.76	−338.85	0.45
Beds per 100,000	0.426	0.846	0.609
Physicians per 1,000	−75.92	5.89	−0.02
Physicians per 1,000	0.004	0.719	0.006
Population (millions)	−16.28	35.78	−0.02
Population (millions)	0.283	<0.005	0.001
Constant	4,548.84	3,529.95	1.27
Constant	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005

Three regression models across the 306 HRRs. P-scores are presented below point estimates. HRRs are weighted by population. Both insurance and hospital Herfindahl indices are presented on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 representing perfect monopoly and 0 perfect competition.