TABLE 2.

Associations Between Socioenvironmental and Individual Factors at Age 5 Years With Involvement in Bullying by Age 7 Years

	Involvement in Bullying Between Ages 5 and 7 y
	Not Involved	Victims	Bullies	Bully-Victims
Characteristics at Age 5 y	Mean (SD) or %	Mean (SD) or %	Mean (SD) or %	Mean (SD) or %
School
Total no. of children in school	291.1 (133.0)	320.1 (141.0)*	271.4 (140.7)*	273.9 (128.2)
Percentage of children eligible for free school meals	13.8 (12.6)	15.1 (12.9)	14.2 (13.1)	18.2 (13.2)**
Neighborhood
Vandalism	1.2 (1.5)	1.5 (1.7)*	1.2 (1.5)	1.6 (1.7)*
Problems with neighbors	0.7 (1.1)	0.9 (1.3)**	0.8 (1.2)	1.5 (1.6)**
Family
SES disadvantage	–0.1 (0.9)	0.1 (1.1)**	0.1 (1.1)**	0.6 (1.2)**
Mothers with depression	29.8	36.9	35.5	52.3**
Parent's antisocial behavior	18.2	25.0*	29.6**	42.0**
Domestic violence	32.9	39.3	47.5**	48.4**
Maternal warmth	0.1 (1.0)	0.1 (1.0)	–0.2 (1.1)**	–0.3 (1.0)**
Stimulating activities	0.1 (0.9)	–0.1 (1.1)	–0.1 (1.1)	–0.5 (1.1)**
Child maltreatment	9.1	18.3**	16.1**	28.0**
Child
Internalizing behaviors	–0.1 (0.9)	0.2 (1.0)**	0.0 (1.1)	0.5 (1.2)**
Externalizing behaviors	–0.2 (0.8)	–0.1 (0.9)*	0.6 (1.3)**	0.8 (1.2)**

Note: Analyses controlled for the potential confounding effect of sex. To investigate whether sex differentially influenced the associations between each socioenvironmental factor and being involved in bullying, an interaction term (sex by socioenvironmental variables) was included in the univariate logistic regression models. None of the interaction terms yielded improvements in the fit of models predicting being involved in bullying above and beyond main effects only. Thus, analyses were conducted for the whole sample collapsed across sex. SES = socioeconomic status.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01 in univariate multinomial regression analyses with noninvolved children as the base outcome.