TABLE 3.
Victims Control for Individual Factors |
Bullies Control for Individual Factors |
Bully-Victims Control for Individual Factors |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at Age 5 y | Without 1 OR (95% CI) | With 2 OR (95% CI) | Without 3 OR (95% CI) | With 4 OR (95% CI) | Without 5 OR (95% CI) | With 6 OR (95% CI) |
School | ||||||
Total no. of children in school | 1.2 (1.0-1.3)* | 1.2 (1.0-1.3)* | 0.9 (0.7-1.0)* | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.8 (0.7-1.1) | 0.8 (0.7-1.1) |
Percentage of children eligible for free school meals | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) |
Neighborhood | ||||||
Vandalism | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 0.9 (0.9-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) |
Problems with neighbors | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)** | 1.3 (1.1-1.6)** |
Family | ||||||
SES disadvantage | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) |
Mothers with depression | 1.2 (0.8-1.7) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.0 (0.8-1.6) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 1.7 (1.0-2.8)* | 1.5 (0.9-2.4) |
Parent's antisocial behavior | 1.1 (0.8-1.7) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) |
Domestic violence | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0)* | 1.4 (1.0-1.9)* | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
Maternal warmth | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0)* | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 1.1 (0.8-1.3) |
Stimulating activities | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0)* | 0.8 (0.6-1.0)* |
Child maltreatment | 2.0 (1.3-3.0)** | 1.9 (1.2-3.0)** | 1.5 (1.0-2.3)* | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 2.6 (1.6-1.3)** | 2.1 (1.3-3.6)** |
Child | ||||||
Internalizing behavior | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)* | 0.8 (0.7-1.0)* | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | |||
Externalizing behavior | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 2.2 (1.9-2.6)** | 1.9 (1.6-2.4)** |
Note: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SES = socioeconomic status.
p < .05
p = .01 in multivariate multinomial regression analyses with noninvolved children as the comparison group.