TABLE 3.
Multivariate Regressions Testing the Unique Associations Between School, Neighborhood, and Family Factors at Age 5 Years With Bullying Involvement by Age 7 Years, Without and With Control for Individual Factors
| Victims Control for Individual Factors |
Bullies Control for Individual Factors |
Bully-Victims Control for Individual Factors |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics at Age 5 y | Without 1 OR (95% CI) | With 2 OR (95% CI) | Without 3 OR (95% CI) | With 4 OR (95% CI) | Without 5 OR (95% CI) | With 6 OR (95% CI) |
| School | ||||||
| Total no. of children in school | 1.2 (1.0-1.3)* | 1.2 (1.0-1.3)* | 0.9 (0.7-1.0)* | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.8 (0.7-1.1) | 0.8 (0.7-1.1) |
| Percentage of children eligible for free school meals | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) |
| Neighborhood | ||||||
| Vandalism | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 0.9 (0.9-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) |
| Problems with neighbors | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)** | 1.3 (1.1-1.6)** |
| Family | ||||||
| SES disadvantage | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) |
| Mothers with depression | 1.2 (0.8-1.7) | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.0 (0.8-1.6) | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 1.7 (1.0-2.8)* | 1.5 (0.9-2.4) |
| Parent's antisocial behavior | 1.1 (0.8-1.7) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) |
| Domestic violence | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0)* | 1.4 (1.0-1.9)* | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
| Maternal warmth | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0)* | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 1.1 (0.8-1.3) |
| Stimulating activities | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0)* | 0.8 (0.6-1.0)* |
| Child maltreatment | 2.0 (1.3-3.0)** | 1.9 (1.2-3.0)** | 1.5 (1.0-2.3)* | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 2.6 (1.6-1.3)** | 2.1 (1.3-3.6)** |
| Child | ||||||
| Internalizing behavior | 1.2 (1.0-1.4)* | 0.8 (0.7-1.0)* | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | |||
| Externalizing behavior | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 2.2 (1.9-2.6)** | 1.9 (1.6-2.4)** | |||
Note: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SES = socioeconomic status.
*
p < .05
**
p = .01 in multivariate multinomial regression analyses with noninvolved children as the comparison group.