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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2014 Aug;26(2):139–156. doi: 10.2989/17280583.2014.907169

Table 3.

Factor stmcture of depression instruments as compared to the factor structure determined in the original publications

Author Instrument Factor structure obtained
in African setting		 Comparison to
original study
Abubakar et al. (2012) GHQ Anxiety/depression, loss of
confidence, social
dysfunction (Kenya)		 Anxiety/depression,
loss of confidence,
social dysfunction
(UK) (Goldberg, 1972)
Ambaw (2011) HADS Anxiety, depression
(Ethiopia)		 Anxiety, depression
(UK) (Moorey et al., 1991;
Zigmond and Snaith, 1983)
Bekhet et al. (2010) DCS Depression (Egypt) Depression (U.S.
(Zauszniewski, 1995)
Ibrahim et al. (2012) Zagazig Depression, suicidal
ideation, guilt, anxiety,
insomnia, agitation, sleep
maintenance, concentration,
amotivation, weight loss,
sexual symptoms (Egypt)		 17 factors (Egypt)
(Fawzi et al., 1982)
Mels et al. (2010) HSCL Internalizing, externalizing
(Democratic Republic of the
Congo)		 Internalizing,
externalizing
(Netherlands) (Bean et al., 2007)
Pretorius (1991) CES-DC Depressed affect, somatic-
retarded activity, positive
affect, interpersonal
relations (South Africa)		 Depressed affect,
somatic-retarded
activity, positive
affect, interpersonal
relations (U.S.)
(Radloff, 1977)

CES-DC = Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale for Children; DCS = Depression Cognition Scale; GHQ = General Health Questionnaire; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HSCL = Hopkins Symptom Checklist;