Table 4 .
Adverse events by training modality
| Training modality | No. of studies | No. of participants | No. of AEs | Type of AEs (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volitional exercise | ||||
| ACE (arm cycle ergometry) | 3 | 34 | 2 | Autonomic dysreflexia (1) |
| Metacarpal fracture (1) | ||||
| WCE (wheelchair ergometry) | 3 | 18 | 0 | |
| Kayak ergometry | 1 | 10 | 0 | |
| Hand cycle training | 2 | 39 | 3 + | Upper extremity pain (3) |
| Transient muscle soreness (# not provided) | ||||
| Arm-propelled thee-wheeled chair | 1 | 12 | 0 | |
| Circuit training | 4 | 31 | 3 | Musculoskeletal pain (2) |
| Sinus bradycardia (1) | ||||
| Hydraulic resistance training | 1 | 10 | 0 | |
| BWSTT (Body weight supported treadmill training) | 4 | 22 | 4 | Autonomic dysreflexia (1) |
| Syncope (1) | ||||
| Stage 1 pressure ulcer (1) | ||||
| Knee pain (1) | ||||
| Totals | 19 | 176 | 12 | |
| Functional electrical stimulation (FES-enhanced) exercise | ||||
| FES-ACE | 1 | 34 | 0 | None |
| FES-rowing ergometry | 1 | 6 | 0 | None |
| FES-LCE (leg cycle ergometry) | 11 | 114 | 11 | Skin reaction under electrodes (4) |
| Mild AD symptoms (3) | ||||
| Small hematoma in quadriceps (1) | ||||
| Post-exercise hypotension, (3) | ||||
| FES-ambulation | 6 | 98 | 48 | Transient ankle edema (4) |
| Lumbar pain (6) | ||||
| Falls without injury (3) | ||||
| Fall with fracture (1) | ||||
| Calcaneus fracture (1) | ||||
| Sacral fracture (1) | ||||
| Tibia fracture (1) | ||||
| Benign ankle sprain (2) | ||||
| Meniscal tears (2) | ||||
| Medial condyle contusion (1) | ||||
| Medial collateral ligament tear (1) | ||||
| Skin breakdown (4) | ||||
| Mild orthostatic hypotension (21) | ||||
| Totals | 19 | 252 | 59 | |