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. 2014 Nov 14;8:386. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00386

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Copyright © 2014 Cooper.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phases of migration of neocortical projection neurons. Principal phases of migration: (1), movement from the VZ to the IZ/SVZ with bipolar or “pin-like” morphology; (2), multipolar migration; (3), bipolar locomotion along radial glia (RG); (4), terminal translocation. Multipolar migration can be subdivided into further stages: 2A, initial multipolar migration of newborn post-mitotic neurons and intermediate progenitors; 2A’, division of intermediate progenitors followed by multipolar migration; 2B, axon emergence and growth; 2C, stabilization of a dominant pia-directed leading process. The left-hand side shows the principal divisions of the cortex (VZ, ventricular zone; IZ/SVZ, intermediate/subventricular zone; CP, cortical plate; MZ, marginal zone). The right-hand side indicates the major features of the local environment through which neurons migrate. See text for details.