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. 2014 Nov 14;5:440. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00440

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Copyright © 2014 Liu, Lin, Lu, Peng, Lee and Kou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) attenuates increases in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were exposed to medium alone or 3% CSE for 30 min with pretreatment with EPA (5 μM) or its vehicle. After exposure, the cells were collected for the measurement of intracellular ROS levels. Levels of ROS were measured by HE/ETH (A) and DCFH-DA/DCFH (B) fluorescent probes. Data in each group are mean ± s.e.m. from five independent experiments. ^*p < 0.05 vs. control (vehicle without CSE stimulation). ^#p < 0.05 vs. CSE without EPA pretreatment.