Table 3.
Mean Values (SD) for Study Outcomes Across Study Arms at Baseline, 6 Months, and 12 Months
| Condition | Baseline | 6 Months | 12 Months | Baseline to 12-Month Change Scoresa | P for Baseline to 12-Month Changeb Intervention Versus Controlc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Team | Individual | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 30.7 (2.6) | 30.6 (2.9) | 30.4 (3.1) | −0.33 (1.12) | .40 | .03 |
| Individual | 31.6 (3.4) | 30.2 (4.1) | 30.1 (4.0) | −1.40 (1.72) | |||
| Team | 30.8 (3.3) | 29.6 (3.1) | 29.6 (2.9) | −0.74 (1.63) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 33.3 (5.7) | 32.8 (5.9) | 32.8 (5.5) | −0.97 (2.96) | .73 | .46 |
| Individual | 32.5 (5.0) | 31.1 (5.2) | 30.9 (5.7) | −1.38 (2.79) | |||
| Team | 32.6 (7.3) | 31.5 (6.7) | 31.4 (6.3) | −1.07 (2.81) | |||
| Test for dyad | .46 | .11 | |||||
| Body weight, kg | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 81.6 (9.3) | 81.3 (9.9) | 80.7 (10.1) | −0.87 (2.97) | .35 | .04 |
| Individual | 83.2 (8.8) | 80.3 (10.8) | 79.7 (10.2) | −3.77 (4.80) | |||
| Team | 82.6 (13.4) | 79.6 (12.6) | 78.8 (9.6) | −2.09 (4.30) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 93.1 (18.7) | 91.5 (19.3) | 91.4 (17.7) | −2.78 (8.39) | .63 | .40 |
| Individual | 87.5 (14.5) | 83.6 (15.1) | 83.1 (16.5) | −3.65 (7.35) | |||
| Team | 89.1 (23.7) | 86.0 (21.4) | 85.8 (20.0) | −3.09 (8.00) | |||
| Test for dyad | .38 | .09 | |||||
| Waist circumference, cm | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 94.7 (8.8) | 93.8 (9.1) | 93.7 (9.7) | −1.0 (3.7) | .12 | .004 |
| Individual | 97.4 (8.9) | 92.6 (8.7) | 90.7 (7.4) | −6.5 (6.7) | |||
| Team | 96.1 (10.5) | 93.7 (9.9) | 91.4 (8.4) | −3.7 (5.4) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 97.3 (12.9) | 97.3 (14.7) | 97.2 (13.2) | −1.0 (6.9) | .10 | .03 |
| Individual | 95.9 (11.9) | 91.7 (13.1) | 90.1 (13.6) | −5.3 (5.9) | |||
| Team | 94.9 (14.5) | 92.1 (14.1) | 90.8 (13.4) | −4.1 (6.9) | |||
| Test for dyad | .018 | .0002 | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 123.1 (10.2) | 124.9 (17.9) | 122.1 (20.5) | −1.0 (20.1) | .49 | .29 |
| Individual | 132.3 (14.7) | 128.9 (15.0) | 130.0 (17.6) | −2.0 (18.1) | |||
| Team | 125.1 (12.8) | 124.0 (11.7) | 118.8 (10.4) | −5.1 (17.8) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 114.2 (10.1) | 111.8 (15.3) | 116.7 (14.4) | +1.6 (12.0) | .88 | .57 |
| Individual | 115.7 (8.5) | 112.9 (7.8) | 115.2 (14.5) | −0.7 (12.6) | |||
| Team | 116.0 (11.2) | 113.1 (13.1) | 117.8 (14.9) | +2.1 (11.4) | |||
| Test for dyad | .66 | .87 | |||||
| Physical activity (minutes of moderate plus vigorous/wk) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 31.9 (79.9) | 60.8 (112.0) | 32.4 (66.0) | +0.5 (99.1) | .18 | .09 |
| Individual | 39.8 (88.4) | 75.5 (94.9) | 73.0 (73.9) | +32.4 (105.2). | |||
| Team | 32.4 (58.8) | 90.4 (100.0) | 63.8 (77.1) | +30.5 (108.9) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 10.0 (24.7) | 29.7 (54.4) | 34.9 (63.5) | +24.9 (68.9) | .13 | .23 |
| Individual | 35.3 (56.2) | 124.0 (106.9) | 66.2 (82.1) | +27.9 (95.1) | |||
| Team | 25.0 (51.7) | 84.5 (80.7) | 71.8 (62.3) | +45.7 (78.7) | |||
| Test for dyad | .036 | .031 | |||||
| Physical activity (MET hr/wk from questionnaire) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 4.5 (7.7) | 6.9 (13.1) | 4.1 (5.6) | +0.1 (8.3) | .12 | .06 |
| Individual | 5.1 (10.7) | 8.6 (8.3) | 9.0 (8.9) | +3.1 (10.8) | |||
| Team | 5.6 (6.5) | 10.8 (9.6) | 8.3 (8.7) | +2.9 (11.6) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 2.7 (3.5) | 6.2 (6.5) | 6.5 (8.1) | +2.8 (8.1) | .29 | .74 |
| Individual | 6.4 (8.5) | 16.9 (11.5) | 7.8 (10.0) | +1.8 (10.8) | |||
| Team | 4.4 (7.6) | 10.8 (10.7) | 9.6 (7.6) | +4.6 (10.7) | |||
| Test for dyad | .06 | .13 | |||||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | |||||||
| Mothers (mean [SD]) | Control | 1671 (550) | 1337 (452) | 1400 (487) | −270 (566) | .76 | .14 |
| Individual | 1570 (605) | 1195 (365) | 1189 (429) | −402 (586) | |||
| Team | 1698 (485) | 1406 (374) | 1369 (399) | −319 (425) | |||
| Daughters (mean [SD]) | Control | 1571 (556) | 1481 (545) | 1561 (786) | +19 (706) | .63 | .72 |
| Individual | 1691 (508) | 1482 (452) | 1545 (553) | −112 (584) | |||
| Team | 1776 (618) | 1542 (522) | 1559 (476) | −183 (638) | |||
| Test for dyad | .62 | .35 | |||||
| Diet quality index (HEI-2005) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 58.9 (8.7) | 56.8 (7.9) | 58.9 (10.7) | 0.0 (12.7) | .21 | .30 |
| Individual | 62.6 (9.0) | 64.8 (7.3) | 63.7 (11.9) | +2.0 (14.0) | |||
| Team | 57.5 (10.7) | 63.4 (11.3) | 62.7 (11.7) | +4.8 (8.2) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 54.2 (9.3) | 57.0 (13.3) | 55.9 (13.9) | +1.6 (12.3) | .45 | .74 |
| Individual | 53.7 (9.0) | 59.5 (12.2) | 57.1 (10.8) | +2.8 (10.7) | |||
| Team | 53.7 (10.0) | 55.2 (10.9) | 58.2 (12.3) | +5.0 (14.0) | |||
| Test for dyad | .15 | .35 | |||||
| Self-efficacy for exercise (very unsure [5] to very sure [1]) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | +0.2 (0.9) | .58 | .12 |
| Individual | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.0) | −0.4 (1.5) | |||
| Team | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | +0.1 (1.0) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.0) | +0.2 (1.3) | .94 | .48 |
| Individual | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | +0.1 (0.8) | |||
| Team | 1.6 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.5) | +0.4 (1.4) | |||
| Test for dyad | .69 | .09 | |||||
| Self-efficacy for adhering to a healthy weight loss diet (very unsure [5] to very sure [1]) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.8) | +0.3 (1.0) | .09 | .56 |
| Individual | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.9) | +0.3 (1.0) | |||
| Team | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | −0.1 (0.8) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | −0.1 (1.1) | .69 | .78 |
| Individual | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.8) | +0.1 (1.1) | |||
| Team | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | −0.1 (1.0) | |||
| Test for dyad | .16 | .56 | |||||
| Frequency of receiving social support for adhering to routine exercise and a healthy weight loss diet (times per wk) | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 9.1 (16.6) | 12.2 (18.5) | 9.3 (18.5) | +0.1 (4.0) | .71 | .15 |
| Individual | 10.9 (17.3) | 15.1 (20.7) | 8.0 (14.1) | −3.1 (8.0) | |||
| Team | 6.7 (6.4) | 7.8 (12.5) | 7.6 (9.7) | +1.0 (8.2) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 14.2 (23.6) | 14.5 (24.7) | 11.0 (16.6) | −3.9 (14.0) | .37 | .29 |
| Individual | 7.9 (11.5) | 17.1 (20.9) | 8.0 (9.3) | −0.1 (11.8) | |||
| Team | 8.4 (10.6) | 6.6 (6.8) | 6.0 (5.3) | −0.7 (6.5) | |||
| Test for dyad | .72 | .55 | |||||
| Quality of life (SF-36) physical quality of life | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 45.3 (8.5) | 45.4 (7.7) | 46.2 (9.0) | +0.9 (4.9) | .16 | .73 |
| Individual | 44.3 (8.3) | 43.8 (9.7) | 45.8 (9.2) | +2.2 (10.4) | |||
| Team | 44.3 (11.9) | 44.3 (12.9) | 42.8 (11.4) | −2.3 (6.5) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 48.2 (8.7) | 50.5 (10.4) | 52.0 (7.7) | +4.2 (5.6) | .88 | .77 |
| Individual | 51.8 (7.4) | 53.5 (9.5) | 53.5 (6.9) | +2.0 (7.1) | |||
| Team | 50.7 (6.8) | 53.8 (3.8) | 54.0 (5.5) | +3.0 (5.8) | |||
| Test for dyad | .26 | .93 | |||||
| Quality of life (SF-36) mental quality of life | |||||||
| Mothers | Control | 53.7 (8.5) | 56.3 (8.5) | 56.1 (5.8) | +2.4 (7.4) | .46 | .35 |
| Individual | 56.6 (8.2) | 58.7 (7.2) | 55.5 (10.4) | −1.9 (10.0) | |||
| Team | 52.1 (11.7) | 54.0 (8.9) | 53.6 (12.4) | +0.6 (10.7) | |||
| Daughters | Control | 47.1 (13.4) | 49.1 (12.7) | 47.9 (10.8) | +1.4 (7.9) | .10 | .28 |
| Individual | 51.3 (9.7) | 51.3 (10.7) | 52.2 (10.7) | +2.0 (12.9) | |||
| Team | 51.6 (11.1) | 51.6 (7.4) | 54.3 (6.9) | +2.9 (12.8) | |||
| Test for dyad | .64 | .94 | |||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HEI-2005, Healthy Eating Index-2005; MET, metabolic equivalent task; SD, standard deviation; SF-36, Short Form-36.
a
Change scores are based on participants with complete data at baseline and at 12-month follow-up (ie, 18 of 18 CONTROL mothers, 17 of 18 CONTROL daughters, 23 of 25 INDIVIDUAL mothers, 23 of 25 INDIVIDUAL daughters, 23 of 25 TEAM mothers, and 24 of 25 TEAM daughters).
b
Note that P values reflect testing on change from baseline to 12-month follow-up and are based on residualized change scores on all available data (which differ slightly from the change scores depicted in the previous column); the P values shown are unadjusted for other factors such as race, age, and education because these variables did not appreciably alter the value.
c
Bold type indicates statistical significance.