Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. Variables reported as mean (SD), medians (SE) and proportions (%)
| Characteristic | Control mean (SD) n = 163 | Intervention mean (SD) n = 164 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 86.4 (6.7) | 85.2 (7.0) | 0.102 |
| Women (%)b | 131 (74.0) | 131 (74.9) | 0.856 |
| MMSEc,d | 8.9 (6.6) | 7.6 (6.6) | 0.065 |
| Barthel ADL indexc,e | 8.7 (5.5) | 7.8 (5.6) | 0.148 |
| MOBID-2 Pain Scalec,f | 3.7 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.7) | 0.988 |
| MOBID-2 Pain Scale ≥ 1c | 4.2 (2.2) | 4.5 (2.4) | 0.273 |
| MOBID-2 Pain Scale ≥ 2c | 4.5 (2.1) | 4.9 (2.2) | 0.213 |
| MOBID-2 Pain Scale ≥ 3c | 5.3 (1.8) | 5.4 (2.0) | 0.830 |
| No pain diagnoses in total (%)c | 29.4 | 29.4 | 0.823 |
| 1 pain diagnoses (%) | 30.8 | 30.3 | |
| 2 pain diagnoses (%) | 24.4 | 22.6 | |
| ≥3 pain diagnoses (%) | 16.0 | 18.1 | |
| Old fracture (%)b | 27.6 | 27.1 | 0.801 |
| Arthritis (%)b | 22.4 | 20.0 | 0.600 |
| Osteoporosis (%)b | 20.5 | 23.9 | 0.477 |
| Heart (%)b | 17.9 | 15.5 | 0.561 |
| Cancer (%)b | 16.7 | 20.0 | 0.448 |
| Neuropathy (%)b | 1.9 | 4.5 | 0.196 |
| Wound gangrene (%)b | 1.3 | 3.9 | 0.150 |
| Muscle spasm (%)b | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.406 |
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination (scores from 0 to 30); ADL, activities of daily living (scores 0–20); MOBID-2, Mobilisation-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia-2 Pain Scale.
a
t-Test for continuous variable, normally distributed.
b
Chi-square test for dichotomous categorical variables.
c
Mann–Whitney U for unequal distributed continuous variable given in medians (SE). Variables reported as mean (SD) and median (%) if not indicated otherwise.
d
Lower scores indicate more cognitive impairment.
e
Higher scores indicate better function.
f
Higher scores indicate more pain (scores ≥ 3 accepted as clinically relevant).