TABLE 5.
Risk of total stroke according to plasma fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption as a standardized continuous variable in the NHS (n = 472 cases) and HPFS (n = 122 cases)1
| Fatty acid | NHS | HPFS | Pooled | P |
| 14:0 | 1 SD = 0.37 | 1 SD = 0.41 | — | — |
| Age | 1.16 (1.00, 1.33) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.53) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.32) | 0.02 |
| Multivariable HRs | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.62, 2.04) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.35) | 0.27 |
| Plus mediators | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) | 1.11 (0.59, 2.08) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 0.28 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.84) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 0.33 |
| 15:0 | 1 SD = 0.05 | 1 SD = 0.05 | — | — |
| Age | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.84 |
| Multivariable HRs | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.90 |
| Plus mediators | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.50) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.62 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 1.52 (0.83, 2.78) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.23) | 0.97 |
| 17:0 | 1 SD = 0.07 | 1 SD = 0.07 | — | — |
| Age | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.22 |
| Multivariable HRs | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.78 |
| Plus mediators | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 0.84 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.97 |
| trans 16:1n−7 | 1 SD = 0.08 | 1 SD = 0.07 | — | — |
| Age | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.36 |
| Multivariable HRs | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.06) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) | 0.21 |
| Plus mediators | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.34 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.21 |
| 15:0 + 17:0 + trans 16:1n−7 | 1 SD = 0.16 | 1 SD = 0.14 | — | — |
| Age | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.37 |
| Multivariable HRs | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.46 |
| Plus mediators | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.70 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.34 |
| 14:0 + 15:0 + 17:0 + trans 16:1n−7 | 1 SD = 0.44 | 1 SD = 0.47 | — | — |
| Age | 1.13 (0.97, 1.30) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.09 |
| Multivariable HRs | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.57) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) | 0.51 |
| Plus mediators | 1.10 (0.89, 1.35) | 0.91 (0.51, 1.61) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 0.46 |
| Plus other dairy biomarkers | — | — | — | — |
All values are HRs; 95% CIs in parentheses (per 1-SD increase). Multivariable HRs from a conditional logistic model were adjusted for age (y); race (white or nonwhite); month of blood collection; smoking status (never, former, current, or missing); physical activity (metabolic equivalent tasks per week); alcohol (servings/d); family history of diabetes (yes, no, or missing); parental history of myocardial infarction (yes, no, or missing); menopausal status in the NHS (before and after); postmenopausal hormone use in the NHS (no, yes, or missing); consumption of fish (servings/d), processed meats (servings/d), unprocessed meats (servings/d), fruit (servings/d), vegetables (servings/d), whole grains (g/d), coffee (servings/d), sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/d), glycemic load (continuous), dietary calcium (mg/d), polyunsaturated fat (g/d), and total energy (kcal/d); plasma total trans 18:1 (percentage of total fatty acids); plasma total trans 18:2 (percentage of total fatty acids); plasma 16:0 (percentage of total fatty acids); and plasma 18:0 (percentage of total fatty acids). Plus mediators model HRs were derived from a conditional logistic model adjusted for the multivariable model plus potential mediators and confounders [baseline BMI (in kg/m2), hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), and hypertension (yes or no)]. Plus other dairy fatty acids model HRs were derived from a conditional logistic model adjusted for the multivariable model plus simultaneous mutual adjustment for other dairy fatty acid biomarkers (percentage of total fatty acids). HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.