TABLE 3—
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Lifetime Chronic Medical Disorders by Multimorbidity Category and Severe Psychological Distress: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2008–2010
| Comorbidity (2 Conditions; n = 36 512) |
Multimorbidity (≥ 3 Conditions; n = 6390) |
|||
| Lifetime Chronic Medical Conditions | No SPD, OR (95% CI) | SPD,a OR (95% CI) | No SPD, OR (95% CI) | SPD,a OR (95% CI) |
| Asthma | 1.97 (1.76, 2.20) | 2.01 (1.63, 2.48) | 5.71 (5.08, 6.42) | 5.01 (4.01, 6.28) |
| Sinusitis | 3.12 (2.85, 3.41) | 3.55 (2.80, 4.51) | 9.52 (8.44, 10.73) | 7.13* (5.76, 8.83) |
| Bronchitis | 3.87 (3.51, 4.26) | 3.63 (2.91, 4.52) | 14.10 (12.85, 15.47) | 9.96* (7.83, 12.68) |
| Pneumonia | 3.46 (3.02, 4.00) | 2.56 (1.78, 3.69) | 13.89 (11.83, 16.32) | 11.74 (8.07, 17.07) |
| Lung cancer | 2.34 (1.08, 5.11) | 1.91 (0.24, 15.06) | 4.20 (1.88, 9.37) | 3.52 (0.65, 18.95) |
| Diabetes | 3.47 (3.05, 3.96) | 2.22 (1.45, 3.39) | 6.66 (5.91, 7.49) | 7.07 (5.27, 9.48) |
| Heart disease | 2.58 (2.17, 3.07) | 1.82 (1.15, 2.88) | 6.83 (5.74, 8.13) | 9.38** (6.31, 13.92) |
| Hypertension | 1.98 (1.81, 2.17) | 2.37 (1.93, 2.91) | 3.48 (3.09, 3.92) | 5.03 (3.99, 6.34) |
| Stroke | 2.88 (2.03, 4.09) | 2.92 (1.19, 7.17) | 8.72 (6.52, 11.67) | 15.71 (7.83, 31.52) |
| Pancreatitis | 3.20 (2.20, 4.64) | 1.24 (0.44, 3.50) | 5.94 (4.07, 8.69) | 4.40 (2.72, 7.09) |
| Cirrhosis | 1.62 (0.95, 2.76) | 0.64 (0.14, 2.85) | 4.23 (2.44, 7.33) | 2.02 (0.83, 4.90) |
| Ulcers | 2.22 (1.91, 2.57) | 2.07 (1.45, 2.95) | 5.29 (4.63, 6.04) | 5.83 (4.31, 7.88) |
| Sleep apnea | 3.32 (2.73, 4.05) | 2.67 (1.97, 3.61) | 10.8 (8.92, 13.08) | 7.40* (5.66, 9.68) |
| Tinnitus | 3.47 (2.69, 4.47) | 4.06 (2.00, 8.19) | 8.26 (6.45, 10.58) | 13.95 (9.14, 21.3) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SPD = severe psychological distress. All analyses are based on the combined weighted data from 2008, 2009, and 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health participants aged ≥ 18 years, excluding those cases that did not report any lifetime chronic medical condition. The analyses incorporated survey weights, stratification, and clustering to control for the multistage sampling design. The ORs shown adjusted for the following covariates: age; gender; race/ethnicity; marital status; education level; employment status; poverty level; insurance coverage over the past 3 years; past-year abuse or dependence on alcohol, marijuana, or any other illicit drug; and past-month dependence on nicotine. The reference category is participants who reported having only 1 chronic medical condition. Significance tests are based on a Wald statistic comparing the interaction between severe psychological distress and multimorbidity category for each chronic condition listed.
Based on a score of ≥ 13 on the K6 screening scale, indicating a severe psychological distress or a serious mental illness and at least moderate functional impairment.
*P < .01; **P < .001.